Civil Rights Movement!

1. Civil Rights Movement! By: Christina and Korneshea By : Christina and Korneshea

2. Cases leading to the spark of the civil right movement! • Plessy vs. Fergusson (1896) • A mixed petitioner challenged the Supreme court judge to the charges against him because the unconstitutionality of it by the city courts for refusing to move on a passenger train. • It was denied for the petitioners relief and the charges were ruled constitutional • Belton (Bulah) vs. Gebhart (1951) • Sarah Bulah tried to appeal to the Department of Public Instruction in Delaware to provide bus transportation for African-American students to school in Hockessin • She went to Louis Redding and got advice for a petition their all-white neighborhood for their children • Delaware Court of Chancery heard the case and the Chancellor ruled that they were being denied the right of equal protection of law and had the eleven children involved be immediately accepted into the white school

3. Cases leading to the spark of the civil right movement! • Bolling vs. Sharpe (1950) • Gardener Bishop tried to get 11 African American students admitted to a newly completed John Philip Sousa junior high school but was turned away by the school, even though they had several empty classroom. • Later on, James Nabrit Jr. didn’t present any evidence to the court about the inferiority of the school, said he believed that sole issue was about segregation itself. • The U.S District court dismiss the case on the basis of recent ruling by Court of Appeals in Carr vs. Corning and rendered a separate opinion based on the 5th Amendment because the 14th Amendment was not applicable in District of Columbia Briggs v. Elliott (1950) • Twenty parents brought a suit against R. W. Elliott, president of school board of Clarendon County, South Carolina • The parents asked for county to provide school buses for African American students but petitions ignored them and the parents filed a suit that challenged the segregation. • Three-judge panel of U.S. District Court denied the parent’s request and ordered school board to begin the equalization of schools

4. Brown vs. Board of Education (1951) • It was initiated by members of NAACP of Topeka, Kansas • 13 parents volunteered to participate and took their children to schools in their neighborhoods and attempted to enroll them for upcoming school year but was refused admission. • This forced students to attend 1 of the 4 schools in the city for African Americans • In February 1951 • The case was filed to the U.S. District Court • Furthermore the Court ruled against the parents, but placed in record its acceptance of the psychological evidence that the children were affected by segregation

5. Sparks + African Americans = Civil Rights Movement • Emmett Till • He was beaten and murdered in Mississippi for whistling at a white female • His murderers were foundNOT guilty by Mississippi’s state court. • Even thought they admitted to killing the young teenager • Rosa Parks • She refused of giving up her seat on a public bus to a white man • The result was that she was kicked off and arrested • This led to Montgomery bus boycott

6. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference • In 1957, civil rights leaders, led by King, founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). This organization promoted equal rights through nonviolent civil protest and community development program • 1963 • Martin Luther King, Jr. • With other civil rights leaders organized a March on Washington for jobs and freedoms • 250,00 supporters gathered • Martin Luther King, Jr. gave his “I Have a Dream” speech • Martin Luther King, Jr. • Was targeted by white racists • Terrorists bombed his home • Got arrested in Birmingham, Alabama • He there wrote a letter from jail to ministers and reverends of African American churches in Birmingham • Wrote five books on his nonviolent Christian teachings • Stride Toward Freedom (1958) • Strength to Love (1963) • Why We Can't Wait (1964) • Where Do We Go from Here: Chaos or Community? (1967)   • The Trumpet of Conscience (1968)

7. Groupsof Civil Rights • Student National Coordinating Committee (SNCC) • Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) • National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) • These groups staged boycotts, marches, and sit-ins

8. Bombing In Birmingham • 16th Street Church • Was used as a meeting place for civil rights leaders • Tensions ran high in SCLC and the CORE when they became involved in trying to register African Americans to vote. • On September 15, 1963 • A man was seen getting out of his car and placing a box under the steps of the church and then driving away. • At 10:22 a.m. the bomb went off, four kids died in the explosion when they were attending Sunday School •  Denise McNair (11) • Addie Mae Collins (14) • Carole Robertson (14) • Cynthia Wesley (14)

9. Bombing in Birmingham • Governor George Wallis was to blame for the bombing by civil rights activists • The bombing was told about in the New York Times two weeks later • Robert Chambliss • Member of the Ku Klux Klan • Identified by a witness as the person who placed the bomb under the steps of the church • Arrested and charged for murder and possessing a box of 122 sticks of dynamite without a permit • Found not guilty on October 8,1963 • Received $100 dollar fine and a 6 month jail sentence for thedynamite

10. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Was passed by President John F. Kennedy in 1963; • This law was to protected rights of people’s freedom to seek employment, vote, hotel, parks, restaurants and other public places. • Any individual who is discriminates against by an employer can file a complaint with the equal employment opportunity commission (EEOC), which was established by the act • Before the law was passed, African-Americans had to take complaints to court themselves but many couldn’t afford to do so. • Now the U.S. Department of Justice has to handle complaints of discrimination. • The act also authorized the Office of Education to direct school desegregation programs in areasspecifies by the government.

11. Freedom Riders Were civil rights supporters who protested the continued segregation of buses and bus terminals in the southern unites states in 1961. • In 1946 • the Supreme Court had ruled that it was unconstitutional for public buses that crossed state lines to be segregated and later on in 1960 a similar ruling about bus terminals was passed. • On May 4, 1961 • The congress of racial equality (CORE) organized the freedom rides. • The rides were meant to draw attention to places that were still segregated. • This included many college students and members of the clergy. • They traveled on buses from northern cities to places in the south, the white and African American freedom riders sat together in all parts of the buses and ignores all sighs that said separated “white only” areas from those for “ colored” • Many freedom riders got off buses injured in conflicts from conflicts with crowds and authorities • Hundreds were jailed • In May • A bus heading to New Orleans was attacked and burned in Anniston, Alabama. US Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy was sent federal marshals to Alabama with orders to keep the peace and make sure the freedom rider s could travel in safety.

12. Civil Rights Today! In today’s society there are many groups of people who are being discriminated againstbecause of their religion, sexual orientation, gender, or color. This is not right! Why should we allow this to happen to our family, friends, co-workers, or even complete strangers?The Equal Protection Clause is supposed to protect against discrimination, but it still occurs today in everyday life. We have a right to marry who we want, be friends with who we want and protect whomever. As Martin Luther King Jr. once said we should be judged on “…the content of [our] character.” We discriminate against what we fear and what we are unknowledgeable about and that leads to many tragic events, I wish that people will learn to accept each other no matter their gender, color, disablities or sexual orientation. 1. Women • They were granted the right to vote by the 19th Amendment in 1920 but that didn’t mean they were equal to men. • Inequality and discrimination continued on particularly in the workplace. • The Supreme Court Case Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. in 2006 had brought focus on the gap between the genders. • Ledbetter started with the same pay but by retirement, she was earning $3,727 per month compared to 15 men who earned from $4,286 per month to $5,236 per month. • The Supreme court ruled against Lilly Ledbetter, later congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter fair pay act of 2009, which gave women more leeway to fight discriminatory pay.

13. 2. Gay Rights • Discrimination based on someone sexual orientation is also prevalent today. • In 2010, the us military’s “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy was ruled that it violated the First Amendment right of free speech because gays could not openly discuss their sexual orientation and the 14th Amendment’s due process clause. • The Obama administration has said it will no longer enforce the Defense of Marriage Act – the 1996 law defining marriage as a legal union between a man and a woman, meaning the issue is entirely in the hands of the states. • Some states, such as Vermont, Iowa, New York and Massachusetts, have passed laws allowing gay marriage. Other states allow civil unions for same-sex couples, and others still have passed outright bans. 3. Immigration Rights • After the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, the country became more suspicious of and resistant to immigrants. The issue of illegal immigration became a hot topic in the media, as well as in political debate, and states began passing tough laws targeting illegal immigrants and people from the Middle East. • But even if someone is in the United States illegally, the Supreme Court ruled over a century ago in YickWo v. Hopkins that noncitizens are also covered by the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.

14. Birmingham Jail

15. Works cited • www.worldbookonline.com • www.anneberyclassroom.org • www.nps.gov • Google pictures • www.Youtube.com