Case Study: Somalia

1. Case Study: Somalia Naky Sato, Akari Muroi

4. Black Hawk Down (2001)

5. Siad Barre Military Dictator& President of Somali Democratic Republic (1969-1991) Exiled in 1991

6. Ali Mahdi Muhammad ( later 4th president, 1991-2000) United Somali Congress Mohamed Farrah Aidid (later 5th president, 1995-1996)

7. Mogadishu (capital of Somalia)

10. Actions Taken by the International Community Resolution 733 (1991.1.) - declared that "the internal conflict in Somalia constituted a threat to international peace and security" - arms embargo Resolution 751 (1992.4.) -establishment of a security force under Secretary-General in Somalia - deployment of observers of ceasefire in Mogadishu UNOSOM 1

11. Actions Taken by the International Community Resolution 794 (1992.12.) -"obstacles created to the distribution of humanitarian assistance is a threat to international peace and security" - created a secure environment to provide humanitarian assistance UNITAF Resolution 814 (1993.3.) - allowed to use force to... 1) create a secure environment throughout Somalia 2) to promote political reconciliation 3) to establish the rule of law 4) to ensure compliance by all Somali parties 5) to assist in repatriation of refugees and resettlement of displaced persons UNOSOM 2

12. Actions Taken by the International Community

13. Chapter Ⅶ of UN Charter ★"Action with respect to threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, and acts of aggression"

14. Criteria for Intervention 【R2P】 1. Just Cause 2. Right Intention 3. Last Resort 4. Proportional Means 5. Reasonable Prospects 6. Right Authority 【Wheeler】 1.Just Cause 2.Last Resort 3.Requirement of Proportionality 4.Reasonable Prospects

16. Distinctive Features of Somalia Case: Legitimate Intervention Who has the moral duty to intervene...? The people? The government? ..Foreign Organizations? The Security Council can't ignore this situation in Somalia. It has responsibilities to save the people there.

17. This is not a case of intervention against the will of the government, but of intervention when there is a lack of government .

18. Failures of the International Community

19. UNOSOM 1 ◆ Absense of UN peacekeeping force when civil war was in its most violent stage (1991.11-1992.3) ◆ Late response (problem: war →general public) ◆ Lack of consideration towards domestic affairs and tradition (clan system, powerful non-warlords)

20. Importance of Clans -“State power, weapons, jobs and foreign aid became important resources for which clans and other groups competed. -To access these, again one had to rely on the relationships that clan identity provided. -In relying on clan identity, clan lines were strengthened.” To whom should help be provided when the government doesn't exist?

21. UNITAF: Contrasting Views ◆It fulfilled its mission of ensuring that humanitarian aid reached those most in need" (Secretary General) ◆"It precented massive starcation and clearly represented a major accomplishment of the international intervention" (Lyons, professor of conflict resolution) ◆It was flawed in its conception; it supplied massive food aid to a region that no longer needed it, and neglected the most pressing relief needs. (programme against malaria, effective measles vaccination) ◆no evidence that the intervention had any impact on mortality rates at all (Waal, researcher on African issues)

22. UNOSOM 2 Aidid attacks, 24 UN peacekeepers killed UN: condems Aidid as leader of "actions against humanitarian cooperation" Resolution 837 Focus narrows from humanitarian issues to headhunt of Aidid

23. How and Why Did Intervention End in 1995?

24. UNOSOM 2 ended in March 1995 because... UNOSOM failed to capture Aidid, and killed 300 Somalis instead Black Hawk Down Then US President Clinton halted US actions US troops left, UN could not handle them alone

25. Has Intervention Made Somalia a Better Place?

26. Failed State Index ◆by Fund for Peace (US think-tank) - independent, nonpartisan, nonprofit research and educational organization - works to prevent violent conflict and promote sustainable security ◆index published annually by Fund of Peace and magazine Foreign Policy since 2005

28. 12 Indicators of Ranking

30. According to the Index... ◆ Somalia ranked#1in ranking for the last 5 years ◆ Kept its position in the top 10 ever since measurement started(how prestigious) - loss of physical control of its territory - monopoly on legitimate use of force... What does this say about the effectiveness of intervention?

31. Republic of Somaliland • Has been declaring independence since 1991 (beginning of chaos) • Functioning, stable, democratic state • Has had 5 elections since 2000 • Only genuine democratic state all across northern Africa Puntland State of Somalia • Declared itself as autonomous state in 1998 but not independence • Piracy is a normal form of income • Possible reason for not declaring independence is to allow access to foreign aid area around the capital: the most disruptive area

32. Elections in Somaliland

33. Current President: Hassan Sheikh Mohamud ◆elected and inagurated in September 2012 ◆promised efforts to.. - advance national reconciliation - anti-corruption measures - socio-economic/ security sector reforms

34. Final Judgement

35. Ranking UNOSOM 1 UNITAF UNOSOM 2

36. Thank you for your attention!