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M. Shaevitz - Fermilab/Columbia Univ

Physics Opportunities and Future Facilities. Neutrino Matter Oscillations Interacting Matter Nucleon Structure Quark-Gluon Matter The Source of Matter Search for the Higgs and SUSY. M. Shaevitz - Fermilab/Columbia Univ. Making Neutrinos Matter.

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M. Shaevitz - Fermilab/Columbia Univ

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  1. Physics Opportunities and Future Facilities • Neutrino Matter • Oscillations • Interacting Matter • Nucleon Structure • Quark-Gluon Matter • The Source of Matter • Search for the Higgs and SUSY M. Shaevitz - Fermilab/Columbia Univ

  2. Making Neutrinos Matter • Standard Model assumes that neutrinos are massless • No symmetry property or theoretical reason for mn = 0 • Neutrinos are partners of the massive charged leptons • Could imply right-handed n’s, Majorana n = n, or sterile n’s t m entnm ne • Cosmological Consequences • Neutrinos fill the universe from the Big Bang (109n / m3) Even a small mass (~1 eV) will have effects • Models have hot (n) and coldDark Matter • Massive neutrino affect structure formation such as galaxies and clusters

  3. Neutrino Oscillations • To probe small neutrino masses (<< 1 eV), need Neutrino Oscillation experiments • For a neutrino to oscillate from one flavor to another ( na nb ) • At least one massive neutrino eigenstate which differs from othersDm2= m12 - m22 0 • Neutrinos in nature must be mixtures of these mass types Lepton number violation or mixing parameterized by q • There are 3-generations: ne , nm, and nt (and maybe more...the sterile neutrino ns’s ) Prob(na nb) = sin22q sin2(1.27 Dm2 L(m)/E(MeV)) • CP violating process can also occur if d0 

  4. Three Indications of Oscillations Sun Earth • Solar n’s 108 kilometers Cosmic RayShower 30 km • Atmospheric n’s • Los Alamos Scintillator Neutrino Detector (LSND) neutrinos Pions ProtonBeam 30 m Detector

  5. Checks of These Indications Over the Next 3-10 years • Questions that will be answered: • Are all three indications really neutrino oscillations? • Which flavors are oscillating? • Are there oscillations to sterile n’s? • What are the oscillation parameters Dm2, sin22q • 10% measurements • Restrict to one solar solution MiniBooNE,ORLaND NuMI/Minos, K2K and CNGS Super-K,SNO,Borexino, Kamland

  6. Booster MainInjector Use protons from the 8 GeV booster Neutrino Beam <En>~ 1 GeV 12m sphere filled with mineral oil and PMTs located 500m from source Sterile Neutrinos • New measurements will address if oscillations are to sterile neutrinos • Super-K: p0production , NuMI/Minos: NC/CC ratio , CNGS: Direct nm nt , SNO: Solar NC rate • Important to check LSND results • If all three hints are confirmed, then need at least 4 n species • LSND Dm2 large  Opportunity to probe nm,e nt and CP ORLaND (Oak Ridge Large Neutrino Detector)at the Spallation Neutron Source MiniBooNE Exp. at Fermilab 1540 tons Liq. Scint.(18 times LSND)6730 PMTs

  7. Possible Future Step:Muon Storage Ring: “n-Factory” • Provides a super intense neutrino beam with a wide range of energies. • Precision n oscillation studies • “Fixed target” n experiments • First high intensity electron neutrino beam. nenm or t • Highly collimated beam Very long baseline experimentspossible Fermilab to California Fermilab to Cern/Japan • Initial step towards a Multi-TeV m+m- Collider

  8. Recent Machine and Physics Study • Advantages of a n-Factory • Unique facility: High intensity n, m, p • Staged program in energy and intensity • “Entry level” machine 20 GeV@1019/yr • Tune the machine and detector parameters Physics  Energy  Intensity  Mass detector • Key measurements of a n-factory • Measure Dm232 , q23 , q13 to 1% • Determine mass hierarchy measure the sign of Dm232 • Measure d ( CP violation parameter ) Unique access to nenm or t • Goal for the machine study • 21020 m decay/yr at 50 GeV • Fermilab to SLAC/LBNL (2900km) • Conclusion: “The result of this study clearly indicates that a neutrino source based on the concepts, which are presented here, is technically feasible.” http://www.fnal.gov/projects/muon_collider/nu-factory

  9. n Factory:CP phase d Neutrino Mixing Matrix • In simple 3-n scenario with one dominant Dm2 • Assume: Atmosph: nm nt and Solar: ne nm (Ignoring LSND) Solar: q12 Atmospheric: q23 n Factory: q13 ( ne nt) n Factory:q13 ( ne nm) n Factory: Sign of Dm232

  10. Current Limits Future Limits n-Factory nenmSensitivity • Can reach sin22q13 0.001 for 21020 m-decay

  11. nenm Earth Matter (and CP) Effects for nenm • For long baseline experiments, matter effects change the oscillation formula: • ne e  ne e NC and CC • nm e  nm e NC only • Oscillation probability is modified depending on sign of Dm2 = m32-m22 • Measure sign of Dm322 to determine if m32 > m22

  12. Neutrino Factory Parameters vs Physics Reach

  13. Other Physics Opportunities at a n-Factory • Near detector (50 - 100m from storage ring) • Large event samples (~20 million events in 1m D2 target) • n flux well understood • Large ne component • Weak mixing angle measurements 10 better • Neutral/charged current ratio and ne scattering • Exotic searches • Neutral heavy leptons, n magnetic moments, anomalous t production • Charm-factory: D0 - D0 mixing ... And a new Era forQCDmeasurements with neutrinosInteracting Matter

  14. Interacting Matter: QCD at a n-Factory • Neutrinos are “flavor-selecting” allowing measurement of individual parton distributions. • 100 present luminosities • Kinematic range overlaps CCFR, JINR & is in the high x region n-Factory Structure Functions: • Precision parton distributions • Precision tests of QCD (needs more precise theory!) • Finally! High statistics on light targets  A-dependence studies which rival /complement charged lepton data! Q2 (GeV2) x

  15. QCD and the Structure of the Nucleon • Unprecedented luminosity for the HERA experiments • An energy upgrade to 12 GeV for TJNAF • Along with a n-factoryHigh precision across the entire region! Q2 (GeV2) n-Factory x

  16. Hera at High Luminosity • Precision parton distribitions at very high Q2 • determination of the gluon density • Precision neutral current cross sections • using g-Z interference to test the Standard Model • F2cc and F2bb • The heavy quark sea • e+p charged current DIS • The strange sea Example of Gluon Distributions Q2 = 2000 GeV2 Q2 = 2 GeV2 A complete survey of thepartons in the protonat low x

  17. And at high x... the TJNAF 12-GeV Upgrade • Quark-hadron duality (transition from the QE to DIS regime) • Hadrons in the nuclear medium (color transparency, x>1, ...) • Threshold charm production • Valence quark structure • Spin structure, e.g. A1n 0.0 Deep Inelastic Scattering from polarized 3He (Isgur Model is shown) 12 GeV  lower x 1.0 0.0 At 6 GeV (Proposal 99-117) x

  18. Understanding the Spin of the Nucleon • RHIC Spin:Spin studies with hadrons provide new opportunities • So far, data are consistent with theBjorken Sum Rule, (g1p-g1n)dx : SLAC Experiments: 0.187  0.033 Theory: 0.182 0.005 • Drell-Yan  The spin of the quarks and antiquarks • Gluon-fusion  The spin of the gluon DIS data suggest RHIC may see a large gluon polarization! D G = 1.8  0.6  1.3 • But decomposing the spin: Quark contribution = DS  0.3 Strange contribution = Ds -0.1 • Fixes for “Spin Crisis” • Gluon is polarized: DG > 0 • Anti-quark is polarized

  19. Melting Matter: QCD at High Densities • Explore non-perturbative “vacuum” by melting it  A Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) Temperature scaleT ~  / (1 fm) ~ 200 MeV • Experimental method: Energetic collisions of heavy nuclei • Model Uncertainties: • Non-perturbative regime  Need many independent signatures of phase transition

  20. QCD Phase Transition • Relativistic heavy ion colliders should reach densities and temperatures to produce Quark-Gluon Plasma • Experimental signatures: • Deconfinement • Chiral Symmetry Restoration • Thermal Radiation of Hot Gas • Strangeness and Charm Production • Jet Quenching

  21. Relativistic Heavy Ion Experiments • RHIC • Pb+Pb at 200 GeV / nucleon • LHC • Pb+Pb at 5.5 TeV / nucleon (~ 25 times RHIC energy) CMS STAR plus PHOBOS and Brahms

  22. What Makes the Matter? • Unification of Weak and Electromagnetic Interaction • Mediated by vector bosons associated with SU(2)U(1) group • Spontaneously broken: ElectroWeak Symmetry Breaking (EWSB) • Universal coupling constants (g and g’) or (e and sin2qW) • Heavy W and Z • Precise predictions of electroweak processes • In the minimal model, single Higgs boson causes EWSB • Theoretically, the MHiggs < ~ TeV • More complicated models (supersymmetry, technicolor, extra dimensions ..) • Extra Higgs and/or other heavy particles  Higgs coupling to particles is proportional to mass and thus sets the mass parameters Massless particles “eat” Higgs particles and become heavy

  23. Supersymmetry • Every particle has a super-partner with opposite statistics • Usual fermions have scalar partners • Gauge bosons have spin 1/2 (gaugino) partners • Couplings (weak, E&M, strong) seem to unify at a common scale if supersymmetric equations are used. • Supersymmetry (SUSY) require a Higgs boson below 180 GeV • i.e. in minimal supersymmetric extension of the standard model (MSSM) with reasonable parameters, mHiggs = 130 GeV • If SUSY is the source of EWSB, mass scale for SUSY particlesis few hundred GeV (Type of EWSB) • Goal: Measure superparticle mass spectrum • Fermilab Tevatron • LHC • Future e+e- linear colliderm+m- collider

  24. The Main Question • What is the source of EWSB? • Standard Model Higgs boson or • Supersymmetric theory.... MSSM, SUGRA or • Strongly interacting theory.... technicolor, extra dimensions or • Something else?  To answer the above question: 1) Discover the Higgs bosons - may be more than one 2) Experimental verification of the Higgs mechanism 3) Measure mass spectrum of new particles at few 100 GeV scale

  25. Facilities for Probing TeV Physics Approved Program • Fermilab Tevatron (with Main Injector upgrade) • pp collider, Ecm = 2 TeV , Ldt ~ 15-30 fb-1 • Large Hadron Collider (LHC) • pp collider, Ecm = 14 TeV , Ldt ~ 500 fb-1 Future Possibilities • e+e- Linear Collider • NLC (SLAC, Fermilab, KEK) • Tesla (DESY) • CLIC (CERN) • m+m-Collider • Ecm ~ few TeV • Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) • Ecm = 50 to 400 TeV

  26. Current Precision Electroweak Measurements • All measurements should agree or “new physics” • Radiative corrections from Higgs loops gives sensitivity to mHiggs • dmW ln(mHiggs) • Measurements: • e+e- Z0(LEP, SLD) • mW (CDF, D0, LEPII) • mtop (CDF, D0) • sin2qWnN (CCFR, NuTeV) Using:mZ = 91.1871  0.0021

  27. MHiggs Appears to be Light • Fit all electroweak data:mHiggs < 245 GeV (95% CL) • Direct search limits from LEPII:mHiggs > 95.2 GeV (95% CL) • Supersymmetric models require:mHiggs < ~180 GeV  Good prospects that Higgs boson will be discovered at Tevatron or LHC

  28. But Low Energy Experiments Can Also Probe High Mass • New “Michel Parameters” experiment at TRIUMF • For m+ e+nm ne, measure energy and angle distribution to 1 part in 104 • Measure the “Michel” parameters r, d, , and  with a precision 3 to 10 times better than previous. Probe masses forright-handed WR to ~1 TeV

  29. Rare Kaon Decay Experiments“Probe for New Physics” • CP is one of the least tested aspects of the Standard Model. • Almost any extension of the SM has new sources of CPV. • With high intensity kaon beams can measure branching ratios down to 10-12 • Fermilab Main Injector 120 GeV program • BNL high intensity kaon beam program

  30. proton anti-proton 15-30 fb-1 Fermilab Tevatron Run II Expectations Experiments • With 15 fb-1: • 3s discovery for mHiggs < 180 GeV • New gauge bosons 1 - 6 TeV • SUSY particles 150 - 400 GeV &

  31. LHC Higgs Discovery Expectations • LEP II will probe up to ~ 110 GeV. • Tevatron Run IIb will go up to ~ 180 GeV • LHC will cover the range up to ~ 1 TeV • Mainly with ZZ  4l.

  32. Higgs for Supersymmetric Theory • LHC can cover almost the entire region associated with the Minimal Standard Supersymmetric Model (MSSM) • But need to discriminate SM Higgs from MSSM Higgs

  33. e+e- Linear Collider • e+e- Linears Colliders could offer a complementary probe to study EWSB physics  Interaction of fundamental point particles • Tesla: • ECM = 0.5 - 0.8 TeV • Superconducting RF acceleration @ 25 - 40 MV/m • 20 km  500 - 800 GeV • Next Linear Collider: • ECM = 0.5 - 1.5 TeV • Warm RF acceleration @ 50 MV/m • 20 km  1000 GeV • CLIC: • ECM = ~3 TeV • Two beam acceleration • 40 km  3000 GeV

  34. Possible Higgs Studies at a e+e- Linear Collider • Determination of mHiggs , GHiggs , and Higgs spin • Accurate determination of Higgs couplings as a fundamental test of the Higgs mechanism: • SM fermion Yukawa couplings to Higgs: gHff = mf /  with 2 = 2 GF • Study Hbb, Hcc, Htt, HWW, and HZZ couplings through branching ratios • Study Htt through BRggand s(e+e- t t H)  g2Htt / 4p • Reconstruction of the Higgs potential by determination of the Higgs self-couplings: • (e+e- Z HH , ne ne HH)

  35. Precision Measurements of MHiggs • e+e- linear collider Monte Carlo data with MHiggs = 120 GeV: e+e- ZH  e+e- X • Fit recoil mass spectrum to measure MHiggs : MHiggs = 120.48  0.14

  36. Standard Model vs MSSM Higgs • Given a set of MSSM parameters Branching ratios of Higgs can discriminate from the SM • MSSM Parameters: • mA = mass of CP odd scalar • tan b = <2>/ <1> tan b 500 mA (GeV)

  37. Extra Dimensions • Inspired by multi-dimensional string theory unification with gravity. • For r << R and n extra dimensions FGravity= M-(2+n) m1m2 / r2+n • Matching constraint for r = R (4pGN)-1 = RnM2+n • Take quantum gravity scale M to be ~TeV  R~ mm (n=2) to fermi (n=7) • Graviton (G) effects may be experimentally observable • Missing energy processese+e-  g G or q q  gG • Deviations due to G exchangee+e-  f f

  38. Tevatron Run II 3500 2100 Constraints on Extra Dimensions • Missing-energy constraints on extra dimension models: 95% confidence limits on R(cm) and M(GeV) Source

  39. The Energy Frontier:Very Large Hadron Collider (VLHC) • Motivation: • If LHC sees EWSB, VLHC can explore it in depth or • If physics is beyond LHC, VLHC is needed to see it. Probe ~ 100 TeV scale  10 mfm • pp collider in a 200 km ring • Start with low field magnets: 2 Tesla  ECM = 40 TeV • Upgrade to high field magnets 12 Tesla  ECM = 240 TeV 200 Km Fermilab Also e+e-or AA  “OMNITRON”

  40. The Energy Frontier:m+m- Collider Advantages: • Multi-TeV collisions of fundamental point particles • Follow-on to muon storage ring • Negligible synchrotron radiation  Circular rings much smaller than linear/hadron colliders • Coupling to Higgs particles is 40,000 times larger than e+e- • No “beamstrahlung” • Energy spread ~ 0.003% • g-2 energy calibration @ 10-6  dMHiggs ~ 50 MeV dMW ~ 6 MeV

  41. nmne at the same Dm2 as nmnt CKM-like Mixing Matrix for Leptons Neutrino Oscillation Formalism • Most analyses assume 2-generation mixing • But we have 3-generations: ne , nm, and nt (and maybe even more ….. the sterile neutrino ns’s ) (In this 3-generation model, there are 3 Dm2’s but only two are independent.) • At each Dm2, there can be oscillations between all the neutrino flavors with different mixing angle combinations. For example:(3 sets of 3 equations like these forDm223>>Dm212 )

  42. nent Measurements at a n-Factory • Great consistency check since sensitive to Dm322 and sin22q13 • In scenarios where MiniBooNE confirms LSND nent very sensitive to CP violating phase d

  43. Advantages of m-Storage Ring vs Conventional n Beam • Neutrino CC rates higher • Minos:3000 nm CC/ kt - yr • n-Factory: 24000 nm CC/ kt - yr (21020 m decay/yr at 20 GeV • Beam angular divergence better for n-Factory especially for Em 30 GeV • Long baseline experiments possible • Beams differ in composition- Conventional Beam nmonly- n-Factory  Both nmand neexplore nenm or t • For nm  nen-Factory better - Conventional beam limited to sin22q13 0.01 • Beam ne’s at 1% level and difficulties in electron detection - n-Factory can reach sin22q13 0.001 • Can do nenm with very small backgrounds

  44. Higgs

  45. Where will we be in 5-10 years? • LSND Dm2 • Definitive determination if osc. • Measure Dm2/sin22q to 5-10% • If positive  New round of experiments: nm and e nt • Atmospheric Dm2 • Know if nm ntorns • Measure Dm232/sin22q23 to 10% if Dm232> 210-3eV2 • Can see nmne if sin22q13 > ~0.01 • Solar Dm2 • Restrictions to one solar solution( Dm122 / sin22q12 ) • Know if ne nm,torns

  46. Recent Accelerator Study • Goal for the study • 21020 m decay/yr at 50 GeV • Fermilab to SLAC/LBNL (2900km) • Conclusion: “The result of this study clearly indicates that a neutrino source based on the concepts, which are presented here, is technically feasible.” • Advantages of a n-Factory • Unique facility: High intensity n, m, p • Staged program in energy and intensity • “Entry level” machine 20 GeV@1019/yr • Tune the machine and detector parameters Physics  Energy  Intensity  Mass detector http://www.fnal.gov/projects/muon_collider/nu-factory

  47. n-Factory Physics Motivation “A neutrino factory is a unique facility for neutrino oscillations... [that] will provide the mechanism for discoveries in the latter part of the decade.” • High flux, well collimated beam of neutrinos • Extra long baseline experiments can be done • Matter effects start to play a role • nt appearance measurements much more feasible • Key questions that neutrino factory can address: • Sort out the mixing matrix - Unique access to nenm or t • Fill in the sub-dominant components • Determine mass hierarchy  Matter effects • Are there sterile neutrinos; if so, how many? • Precision measurements of Dm2 and sin22q values • CP violation may be measurable

  48. n-Factory SuperK/Minos/K2K nenm Oscillation Measurements at a n-Factory • For the atmospheric Dm2 region, need to use nenm to determine sin22q13 • By using nenm , signal becomes a search for wrong-sign muons which allows good sensitivity to low sin22q13 and low background • Can reach sin22q13 0.001 for 21020 m-decay

  49. e+e- Linear Collider • e+e- Linears Colliders could offer a complementary probe to study EWSB physics  Interaction of fundamental point particles • Next Linear Collider: • ECM = 0.5 - 1.5 TeV • Warm RF acceleration @ 50 MV/m • 20 km  1000 GeV • Tesla: • ECM = 0.5 - 0.8 TeV • Superconducting RF acceleration @ 25 - 40 MV/m • 20 km  500 - 800 GeV • Also CLIC: • ECM = ~3 TeV • Two beam acceleration • 40 km  3000 GeV

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