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Chemistry of Carbon

Chemistry of Carbon. Lynn English High School Science Biology/Ms. Mezzetti. Building Blocks of Life. Modified version from Explore Biology.com. Why study Carbon?. All of life is built on carbon Cells ~72% H 2 O ~25% carbon compounds carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids

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Chemistry of Carbon

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  1. Chemistry of Carbon Lynn English High School Science Biology/Ms. Mezzetti Building Blocks of Life Modified version from Explore Biology.com

  2. Why study Carbon? • All of life is built on carbon • Cells • ~72% H2O • ~25% carbon compounds • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids • ~3% salts • Na, Cl, K…

  3. Chemistry of Life H C H H H • Organic chemistry is the study of carboncompounds • C atoms are versatile building blocks • Can form 4 bonds with itself or other elements • Can form single, double or triple bonds

  4. Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys

  5. Hydrocarbons methane(simplest HC) • Combinations of C & H • non-polar • not soluble in H2O • hydrophobic • stable • very little attraction between molecules • a gas at room temperature

  6. Hydrocarbons can grow

  7. Isomers 6 carbons 6 carbons 6 carbons • Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes) • different chemical properties • different biological functions

  8. Form affects function • Thalidomide • prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s • reduced morning sickness, but… • stereoisomer caused severe birth defects

  9. Functional groups • Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions • give organic molecules distinctive properties hydroxylamino carbonylsulfhydryl carboxylphosphate • Affect reactivity • makes hydrocarbonshydrophilic • increase solubility in water

  10. Macromolecules Building Blocksof Life

  11. Macromolecules • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules • macromolecules • 4 major classes of macromolecules: • carbohydrates • lipids • proteins • nucleic acids

  12. H2O HO H HO H HO H Polymers Dehydration synthesis Removes water to build larger molecules • Long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain • monomers • building blocks • repeated small units • covalent bonds

  13. H2O HO H HO H enzyme HO H How to build a polymer Dehydration synthesis Condensationreaction • Synthesis • joins monomers by “taking” H2O out • one monomer donates OH– • other monomer donates H+ • together these form H2O • requires energy & enzymes

  14. H2O HO H enzyme H HO H HO How to break down a polymer Adds water to breakdown polymers Hydrolysis Digestion • Digestion • use H2O to breakdown polymers • reverse of dehydration synthesis • cleave off one monomer at a time • H2O is split into H+ and OH– • H+ & OH– attach to ends • requires enzymes • releases energy

  15. Review Organic compounds contain _________? Carbon is unique because 1. --- 2.--- Name the 4 major macromolecules What is a monomer? What is a polymer? How do polymers form? How do macromolecules digest (break)?

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