Carbon Chemistry

1. Carbon Chemistry CH2O CO2 CH4 oxidized reduced low energy high energy chemistry of the earth chemistry of life

2. atmospheric O2 photosynthesis CO2 + H2O CH2O + O2 respiration organiccarbonburial

3. Organic carbon on Earth Kerogen Minable coal Oil Gas Clathrates 1,200,000 5,000 200 300 5,000 Gton C

4. Natural Carbon Cycle

5. 400 Mauna Loa, Hawaii 390 380 m p p 370 , 2 O 360 C p c 350 i r e h 340 p s o 330 m t A 320 310 300 400 Barrow, Alaska 390 m 380 p p , 370 2 O C 360 p c i 350 r e h 340 p s o m 330 t A 320 310 300 1955 1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 Year

6. 300 ) m p p ( 250 2 O C 200 M 0.8 e t 0.7 h a 0.6 n e 0.5 ( p p 0.4 m 0.3 ) 2 0 -2 C , T -4 D -6 -8 -10 400 300 200 100 0 Age ( kyr BP )

7. Oil Distribution

8. Oil Reserve/Production

9. Hubbert’s Peak

10. Sperm Oil Hubbert

11. U.S. Oil Hubbert U.S. Oil Production 4 0.4 r a e 3 y r G e 0.3 t p o s n l e C r 2 r p a 0.2 e B r n y o e i a l l 1 i r 0.1 B 0 0 1900 1950 2000 2050

12. World Oil Hubbert World Oil Production 50 45 500 Gton C 40 eventual r a 35 e y r 30 e 117 Gton C p s already l 25 e extracted r r Hubbert Peaks a b 20 n o i l 15 l i B 10 200 Gton C eventual 5 0 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 Year

13. Methane hydrates

14. Clathrate Sensitivity to Temperature 30000 C n o t G Future? Today , 25000 y r o t n e v 20000 n I e n a h t 15000 e M e t a t 10000 S y d a e t Coal 5000 S LGM Oil/Gas 0 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 Ocean Temperature, Offset from Present Day

15. Energy

16. U.S. Energy

17. 16 14 Energy Consumption 12 s t 10 t a W 8 a r 6 e t 4 2 0 12 Energy Consumption 10 Per Person s t 8 t a W 6 o l i k 4 2 0 1400 Energy Consumption 1200 per Dollar GDP s 1000 t t a 800 W 600 400 200 0 l l . k e n a a i a i S r z c a n b d . a a i n p o U h n r m a a I l B C r J G n F e D

18. Carbon Emission per Energy Yield 0.9 0.8 t 0.7 t a W 0.6 a r e t 0.5 r e p 0.4 C n o 0.3 t G 0.2 0.1 0 Gas Oil Coal

19. 8 ) n 7 o t Carbon release in CO per year 2 G 6 ( s 5 n o t 4 c i r t 3 e m 2 n o 1 i l l i B 0 6 5 Carbon released per person s 4 n o t c 3 i r t e 2 m 1 0 0.8 0.7 Carbon per dollar GDP 0.6 s 0.5 m a 0.4 r g o 0.3 l i k 0.2 0.1 0 l l . k e n a a i a i S r z c a n b d . a a i n p o U h n r m a a I l B C r J G n F e D

20. Climate

21. Long Lifetime of CO2

22. 540 520 500 480 460 440 420 400 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 2 m / W , n o i t a l o i s 0 n I Trigger-minima Red = Trigger-minima events e m u l o V e c I 800 Kyr Before Present

23. 470 2 460 m / W 450 , 0 i n 440 o i t a l o 430 s n I l 420 a c i t i r 410 C 400 100 200 300 400 500 600 pCO 2

24. 1200 a 1000 800 m t a m 600 5000 Gton C , 2 O 400 1000 C p 300 Gton C 200 3 0 I n 2 s o 1 l a t i 0 o n -1 , s -2 i 0 -3 c Interglacial Periods 6 d C ° 4 , t e s 2 f f O 0 T -2 l a b -4 o l G -6 -8 -500 -400 - -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 300 Past Time, kyr Future b

27. SOLUTION: LUNAR SOLAR POWER SYSTEM • SUN SENDS 13,000 TWs OF RELIABLE SOLAR POWER TO LUNAR SURFACE • BASES ON MOON CONVERT SOLAR POWER TO MICROWAVE BEAMS • BEAMS DELIVER POWER TO RECTENNAS • Safe (<20% of sunlight) • Reliable (through clouds, rain, smoke, etc.) • RECTENNAS ON EARTH • Convert beams to electricity • Deliver electricity to power grid

28. Carbon Sequestration