Efficient and Flexible Reading, 8/e Kathleen T. McWhorter

1. Efficient and Flexible Reading, 8/eKathleen T. McWhorter Chapter 5: Patterns: Relationships Among Ideas © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

2. In this chapter you will learn: • To recognize common organizational patterns to improve recall. • To use patterns to aid in comprehension. • To use transitional words to understand relationships within and among sentences. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

3. Common Organizational Patterns Chronological Order/Process Example of Chapter Headings: Advertising Today • Advertising in the Seventies • Advertising in the Eighties • Advertising in the Nineties 70s 80s 90s © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

4. Common Organizational Patterns Chronological Order/Process Directional Words/Phrases • In the Middle Ages… • The final stage… • Before the Civil Rights Act… • On December 7… • Transitions: first, second, later, next, as soon as, after, then, finally, meanwhile, last, during, when, until © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

5. Common Organizational Patterns Definition: • Term • Class • Distinguishing Features • Distinguishing Features • Distinguishing Features • Example © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

6. Common Organizational Patterns Definition Pattern Directional Words/Phrases: • Classical conditioning refers to… • Acceleration can be defined as… • Empathy means… • Transitions: consists of, is a term that , involves, is called, is characterized by, that is, occurs when, exists when, are those that, entails, corresponds to, is literally © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

7. Common Organizational Patterns Classification: • Trees: Deciduous, Evergreen Topic: Trees Category 1 Deciduous Category 2 Evergreen Category 3 Category 4 © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

8. Common Organizational Patterns Classification Pattern Directional Words/Phrases: • There are several types of bones… • An S-corporation is composed of… • Another kind of memory is… • Societies can be classified as… • Transitions: comprises, one, first, second, finally, last several varieties of, different stages of, different groups that… © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

9. Comparison-Contrast:the writer shows how two ideas, places, objects, or people are similar or different. Common Organizational Patterns Topics A and B Similarities ________ ________ _________ Differences_________ _________ _________ © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

10. Common Organizational Patterns Comparison-Contrast:For material that focuses on differences... Feature #1 Feature #2 Feature #3 Topic A _________ _________ _________ _________ Topic B _________ _________ _________ _________ © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

11. Comparison-Contrast Directional Words/ Phrases: Snorkeling differs from scuba diving… Unlike primary groups, secondary groups… Both Faulkner and Williams... Values, norms, and ethics share… Transitions: in contrast, similarly, likewise, however, in comparison, to compare, on the other hand, like, resembles, is similar, as opposed to, whereas, in the same way, instead of, in spite of, as well as Common Organizational Patterns © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

12. Common Organizational Patterns • Cause-Effect: • Single Cause-Single Effect • Example: Omitting a key command will cause a computer program to fail. Effect Cause © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

13. Common Organizational Patterns Cause-Effect: • Single Cause-Multiple Effects Example: The effects of inflation include shrinkage real income, increasing prices, and higher interest rates. Effect Effect Cause Effect © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

14. Common Organizational Patterns Cause-Effect: • Multiple Causes-Single Effect Example: Attending class regularly, reading assignments carefully, and taking good lecture notes produce good exam grades. Cause Effect Cause Cause © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

15. Common Organizational Patterns Cause-Effect: • Multiple Causes-Multiple Effects Example: Several events work together to produce several effects. Event C Event A Event D Event B © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

16. Common Organizational Patterns Cause-Effect Directional Words/ Phrases: • Hypertension causes… • An interest rate increase resulted in… • Hatred breeds… • Transitions: therefore, hence, for this reason, since, leads to, creates, yields, stems from, produces, for, because, as a result, due to, thus © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

17. Common Organizational Patterns Enumeration/Simple Listing: Topic or Main Idea: Functions of Social Networks Fact 1 Influence Decisions and Preferences Fact 3 Provide Companionship Fact 2 Source of Information and Advice © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

18. Common Organizational Patterns Enumeration Pattern Directional Words/Phrases: • There are several characteristics of... • One feature of families is... • Government serves the following functions... • Transitions: First, second, third, numeral, letters, another, also, too, for instance, for example, finally, the largest, the least © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

19. Common Organizational Patterns Mixed Patterns: • Enumeration and compare/contrast • Description and cause/effect • Chronological order and enumeration • Classification and description © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

20. Other Useful Organizational Patterns Statement and clarification • Indicates that information explaining an idea or concept will follow. • Transitional words: in fact, in other words, clearly, evidently, obviously. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

21. Other Useful Organizational Patterns Summary • Indicates that a condensed review of an idea or piece of writing will follow. • Transitional words: in summary, in conclusion,, in brief, to summarize, to sum up, in short, on the whole. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

22. Other Useful Organizational Patterns Generalization and Example • Provides examples that clarify a broad, general statement. • Transitional words: for example, for instance, that is, to illustrate. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

23. Other Useful Organizational Patterns Addition • Indicates that additional information will follow. • Transitional words: furthermore, additionally, also, besides, further, in addition, moreover, again. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

24. Other Useful Organizational Patterns Spatial order/Location • Describes physical location or position in space. • Transitional words: above, below, besides, next to, in front of, behind, inside, outside, opposite, within, nearby. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

25. Critical Thinking Tip #5: Analyzing Cause-Effect Relationships • Do not assume that because two events are related or occur close in time, that one event caused the other. • Always look for evidence that one event or action is the direct cause of the other. © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

26. Summary • Why is it helpful to recognize the organizational pattern of a paragraph or passage you are reading? • What are the six common organizational patterns? • What other patterns do writers use? • What are transitional words and how are they useful? © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers

27. Go Electronic http://www.ablongman.com/mcwhorter Take a Road Trip to Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty on the CD-ROM! © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman Publishers