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Unit 3 - The Age of Absolute Monarchs (1500 – 1800)

Unit 3 - The Age of Absolute Monarchs (1500 – 1800). Lesson 1 – Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism . Absolutism in Europe. Absolute Monarchs – Wanted to control every aspect of their population’s daily lives!

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Unit 3 - The Age of Absolute Monarchs (1500 – 1800)

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  1. Unit 3 - The Age of Absolute Monarchs (1500 – 1800) Lesson 1 – Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

  2. Absolutism in Europe • Absolute Monarchs – Wanted to control every aspect of their population’s daily lives! • They believed in Divine Right – God created the monarchy and he or she answered only to God and not his/ her subjects.

  3. 17th Century Crises Lead to Absolutism • Wars about religion and land caused chaos! • Chaos caused problems! • Rulers raised armies to go in and solve ’em! • Armies paid by heavy taxes! • Taxes broke backs! • When the peasants rebelled, the armies attacked! • Absolute rulers created large bureaucracies to regulate peasants, thus the empire didn’t crack!

  4. Remember Me? Charles V (1516 – 1556) • Hapsburg Empire/ Holy Roman Empire –elected by Ger. princes • Inherited Spain & its Empire from Ferdinand & Isabella • Inherited Austria and the Neth. from his other grandparents • Reformation, Luther, Peace of Augsburg (1555) & many wars against France & Ottoman Turks (Muslims) who had reached E. Europe by the 1500s.

  5. Charles V Retires in 1556 • He divided his empire because he believed it was too large for one man to rule. • Gave Austria to his brother King Ferdinand (Hapsburg) of Hungary – next Emperor of HRE • Phillip II got Spain, Neth., Naples & Milan, Italy, & America • Spain = Most Powerful in Eur.

  6. Phillip II (1556 – 1598) • Shy, serious, untrusting, deeply religious, & hard working! • By 1650 – Ships had supplied 339 K lbs. of gold & 16 K tons of silver from the Americas (22% went to monarchy!) • He could be aggressive for the sake of empire (1580 his uncle, the king, died & seized Portugal & its overseas empire)

  7. The Escorial – Madrid, Spain • His house, office, monastery, and burial vault all in one. • From his bedroom he could see the altar of the monastery – he was deeply very religious. • He kept the coffins of his dead father, brother, wives, & children to remind him of his mortality!

  8. Bell Ringer – Spain’s Empire & Absolutism • The theory of Divine Right states that the power to rule comes from __________. a. the Pope b. God c. the people 2. When Charles V retired in 1556, he divided his empire between his _____ and _____. a. Grandfather; Grandson b. Son; Daughter c. Brother; Son • In 1571, at the Battle of Lepanto, Spain’s navy defeated the navy of the _______. a. Portuguese b. English c. Muslim Turks • What was the Escorial? a. Phillip II’s palace b. A Spanish Warship c. A Spanish judge during the Inquisition

  9. Phillip II – “Defender of Catholicism” • Religious upheaval (the Reformation) was not new to Spain. Reconquista vs. Muslims finally over around 1492 & the Inquisition vs. heretics & non-believers. • 1571 – 200 ships (Sp. & Venice) defeated large Ottoman fleet in Battle of Lepanto, Greece.

  10. The Netherlands Revolt (1566-1581) • He kept an army in Sp. Netherlands to keep Dutch under control. • Holland had many Calvinists and Phillip II was Catholic, plus they hated Spain. Taxes were raised on Dutch & they rebelled. • In 6 yrs. 18,000 Dutch were killed by Spanish Duke of Alva’s army. • 1581 – 7 N. Provinces est. Dutch Republic & 10 Cath. Provinces (Belgium) stayed w/ Spain.

  11. The Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) • Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603) of England was Protestant and supported Dutch vs. Spain. • She allowed “sea dogs” or pirates to raid Sp. Ports in Am. & Sp. Ships. • Sir Francis Drake was knighted not punished. • Spain sent 68 ships w/ 60 K soldiers to invade England. • Smaller Eng. Ships and “Protestant Wind” destroyed the Armada. • Spain was not a threat to England. • The Spanish Armada

  12. Spain’s Empire Weakens • Inflation – Decline in the value of $$$ due to rising population & too much silver. • Taxes – Spanish nobles didn’t pay, but lower classes did. Thus, no middle class businesses developed. • Wars – Phillip II had to borrow from Italy and Germany to pay for them and had to repay + interest. • Guilds (trade unions) made Sp. Produced goods more expensive so they bought from their enemies France, England, & the Netherlands (mercantilism). • Inquisition – Drove many skilled Moors away by 1500.

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