Eighth Grade

1. Eighth Grade Test

2. Hint: From Levels of Organization in the Human Body TISSUE A group of cells that work together form a ____ ? 1 meridianlifestyle.blogspot.com/2008/05/human-body htm

3. The basic units of structure & function in the human body are _______? CELLS 3 https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/science-behind/genetics-overview

4. The systems that deliver oxygen and remove carbon dioxide to and from cells in our bodies are the ____ & ___? Circulatory & RespiratorySystems 2 http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect20.ht

5. This structure directs the activities in a cell. 4 notesforpakistan.blogspot.com/2010/10/structure-and-function-of-nucleus-in.htm

6. These carry messages between the brain and the rest of the body. 5 http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/html/nerv_sys_fin.htm nerves

7. Which organ systemshelp fight disease ? immune & circulatory systems 6 http://creationwiki.org/Lymphatic_syste

8. A group of similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring are called a what ? species 7 http://journals.worldnomads.com/mattwilkins/photo/43014/972415/South-Africa/A-trio-of-elephants-3-generations-Taken-in-the-Garden-Route-SA#axzz2kT2nTcuA

9. Charles Darwin A few organisms got tothe Galapagos Islands from the mainland. This was observed by what scientist? ← At time of Beagle voyage http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2010/02/04/charles_drawn_origins_revealed_by_dna_tests/ 8 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_of CharlesDarwin

10. Similar structures that related species have inherited are called what ? ●homologous structures (homo means same) 9 http://ircamera.as.arizona.edu/NatSci102/NatSci/images/convergent.htm

11. Two organisms that look similar as an early embryo are probably … ? … evolved from a common ancestor 10 http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iii/organic-evolution/evidences-evolution.php

12. What characteristic of finches showed that they adapted to the foods they ate ? 11 http://ncam.wgbh.org/experience_learn/educational_media/stemdx/exi their beaks

13. What does a plant (autotroph) produce in photosynthesis? sugar (glucose) & oxygen (O2) 12 http://www.giglig.com/family/education/what-is-photosynthes

14. WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS? The plant cell uses energy from sunlight to make food (sugar). 13 http://www.giglig.com/family/education/what-is-photosynthes

15. MOST BIOTIC (LIVING) THINGS NEED THIS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PRODUCT TO SURVIVE. 14 http://godish.com/channels/english/oxygen.as

16. Heterotrophs (animals) benefit from photosynthesis because . . . ? . . . they get food from the plants. 15 http://www.sheknows.com/home-and-gardening/articles /create-a-pest freegarden

17. Respiration is ???? • glucose being broken down to release energy • opposite of photosynthesis 16 http://newunderthesunblog.wordpress.com/photosynthesis-and-respiration

18. Simply explain the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration. • OpPoSiTe Equations!!! • Respiration is the opposite equation of photosynthesis. • Photosynthesis uses energy to produce glucose. • Respiration uses glucose to release energy. photosynthesis energy in 6CO2 + 6H2O→C6H12O6 + 6O2 ← 17 energy out respiration

19. Problem Answer Try heating them up and observing when they boil. • Two liquids - very similar. • How may we tell them apart in the laboratory? 18 http://science.taskermilward.org.uk/mod1/KS3%20Cover/Cover%206.ht

20. Problem: Answer: Some substances have many characteristics in common. • Sometimes we need to study not one but several characteristics of a substance. WHY? • Can you give an example? http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tqx9bpKygus/Tzjs4LJ_ykI/AAAAAAAAnB0/I3iCIsOCU6A/s1600/white%2Bpowders.JPG Example: powdered sugar, flour, baking powder and baking soda are all soft white powders. 19

21. An object has this measurement due to the force of gravity . . . . . . W E I G H T 20

22. The amount of matter that is in something is its what ? mass 21 http://www.mathematicsdictionary.com/english/vmd/full/m/mass.ht

23. atom • I am the smallest part of an element that is still that element. 22 http://www.mrkscience.com/planbook/Physical%20Sci.%202010-11/March11.ht

24. Chemical Change • These examples show new substances being formed. • What is this type of change? www.learner.com rusty nail ← → fried egg http://padillasjournals.edublogs.org/files/2011/05/FriedEgg-220v87n.jp http://www.ric.edu/faculty/ptiskus/chemical fireworks http://www.harpercollege.edu/tm-ps/chm/100/dgodambe/thedisk/chemrxn/signs2.ht 23 http://colet.pbworks.com/w/page/Pancakes%20(Chemical%20changes) color change baked goods vinegar & baking soda reacting

25. Physical Change ← tearing paper • These examples show a substance changing its form or state of matter only. • What is this type of change? http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/physicalsci/session4/closer1.ht http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/chemistry/elementsandreactions/chemical_reactions ice melting 24 http://www.learner.org/courses/essential/physicalsci/session4/closer1.ht

26. When the distance between two objects is changing, it is in . . . MOTION 25 http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Newtows cradle

27. We use the METRIC system (SI) in science. SI = Scientific International • Which is a measure of length in the metric or SI system? meter 26 http://www.dickblick.com/products/westcott-thru-aluminum-yardmeter-stick

28. Speed formula ???? http://www.racemath.info/motionandenergy/speed.ht 27

29. MOTION is graphed by plotting distance and ? Time 28 http://www.mentorials.com/high-school-physics-rest-and-motion-speed-and-distance.htm

30. How fast or slow something is moving. The steepness of the slope in a graph on motion shows what? 29 http://www.rotinrice.com/cheese-fondue/ http://www.vacationhomerentals.com/vacation-rentals/Lake-Arrowhead-California-vacation-rental-cabin-proID-.ht

31. Energy is measured in units called ? http://en.wikipedia.orgi/Joule • JOULES 30

32. What is energy of motion called? kinetic energy http://astronomyonline.org/Science/KineticEnergy.as 31 http://physics.tutorcircle.com/energy/types-of-energy.ht

33. IF KINETIC ENERGY OF AN OBJECT INCREASES . . . Answer: Proportional or positively correlated. According to the formula, as the energy increases so do the mass and velocity. • Are mass and velocity proportional or indirectly proportional to that energy? If E = ½ mv2 the m and the v are also on the top part of the equation like the E, so they are positively correlated. That means as one increases or decreases, so does the other! 32 Try setting up the formula and plugging in some numbers. Albert Einstein

34. Rub your hands together. The rubbing is mechanical energy (movement) and is converted to thermal energy (heat). • What is the friction energy called and what type of energy is it being converted to? 33 http://www.mikecurtis.org.uk/ks2_friction.ht

35. Chemical potential energy of burning fossil fuels converts to what kind of energy? Thermal energy 34 http://www.greenribbonschools.org/activity-detail.php?id=1096&resId

36. Coal, a fossil fuel, stores ___________ energy. https://www.cdli.ca/courses/ep/predesign/t03/02knowledge-skills/act • chemical potential energy 35

37. Which illustration(s) show kinetic energy? 4 ↑ 1 ↑ 3 ← All of them! http://www.tutorvista.com/physics/examples-of-kinetic-energy http://science.jrank.org/kids/pages/50/KINETIC-VS-POTENTIAL-ENERGY.html 36 http://isci.greenwich.wikispaces.net/Farnum+-+Energy+Transformations http://www.ehow.com/how_4517200_calculate-kinetic-energy-joules.html 2 ↑

38. Kinetic energy is energy of motion, potential energy is . . . • stored energy. 37 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Potential_energy.as

39. gravitationalpotential energy • When height is part of the potential energy equation, what type of energy are we observing? http://daniellehunter.wordpress.com/2011/08/21/old-man-on-the-mount Old Man in the Mountain New Hampshire http://gonewengland.about.com/ THE PHOTOGRAPH ABOVE SHOWS IT BEFORE FALLING! 38

40. What is the law of conservation of energy ? • Energy can neither be created nor destroyed! 39 http://www.kidsahead.com

41. Geologists can observe the Earth’s interior by . . . ? recording and analyzing seismic waves. 40 http://web.ics.purdue.edu

42. What was Wegener’s hypothesis about our continents? The continents were once a single land mass that drifted apart called continental drift. 41 http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/outreach/animations/anim_pangaea/Resources/anim_pangaea.mov

43. Pangea • What is the name given to our continents when they were one land mass? 42 http://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/Plate.html

44. Sonar This was a technology used in the mid-1900’s to map the mid-ocean ridge. 43 http://www.divediscover.whoi.edu/tools/sonar-singlebeam.html

45. When the sea-floor spreads, molten material erupts (rises) from what part of the mantle? 44 www.daviddarling.info …along the mid-ocean ridge!

46. We determine the age of the rocks that have been drilled up in those areas. • How do we know that rocks further away from the mid-ocean ridge are older than those near it? 45 www.newark.osu.edu

47. subduction What is the process called where the ocean floor sinks beneath a deep-ocean trench and back into the mantle? • www.zmescience.com Sub means below 46

48. Old oceanic crust is more dense than new crust. Why? It has cooled down. Cooler molecules are closer together and therefore more dense. 47 forum.spore.com

49. The movement of Earth’s plates are probably caused by what? … convection currents in the asthenosphere. 48 nees.org

50. The geological theory that states that pieces of the Earth’s lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory of ___? plate tectonics. 49 volcanoes.usgs.gov