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Peter Guthrie Tait

Peter Guthrie Tait. A Knot’s Tale. Are you ready for the adventure? # TaitAdventure. Three men…. Two boxes…. One experiment…. One theory…. One envelope…. Smoke…. …without fire. The power of intuition. “inversion”. A new era of mathematics. “ perversion”. “screwing of all kinds”.

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Peter Guthrie Tait

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  1. Peter Guthrie Tait A Knot’s Tale

  2. Are you ready for the adventure? #TaitAdventure

  3. Three men…

  4. Two boxes…

  5. One experiment…

  6. One theory…

  7. One envelope…

  8. Smoke…. …without fire

  9. The power of intuition

  10. “inversion” A new era of mathematics “perversion” “screwing of all kinds”

  11. Produced on location in Edinburgh

  12. Starring… Peter Guthrie Tait as the Knotfather

  13. Featuring… Lord Kelvin as the ideas man

  14. Featuring… James Clerk Maxwell as the best friend

  15. Featuring… and Julia Collins as the narrator

  16. With thanks to Andrew Ranickifor Tait research assistance

  17. 2012, Edinburgh

  18. The National Library of Scotland.

  19. I am searching for an envelope. An envelope with a conjecture, unopened for 100 years after it was sealed.

  20. By accident, I find this scribble.

  21. 1867, a lab in Edinburgh

  22. Two men stand in a lab, expectantly.The air is thick with pungent smoke.

  23. The men are Tait and Thomson, and their experiment will change mathematical history.

  24. Maxwell has been developing his theory of electromagnetism and his kinetic theory of gases. It is an exciting time in science. It is 6 years since he developed the first colour photograph.

  25. Thomson has just laid the first transatlantic telegraph cables, for which he has become Lord Kelvin.

  26. It’s been 8 years since Darwin published On the Origin of Species.Tait and Thomson have just published their Treatise on Natural Philosophy, redefining much of physics in terms of energy.

  27. One of the big questions of the day was : What do atoms look like?

  28. This is the story of one answer to that question, and the man who was the catalyst for it.

  29. 1831, Dalkeith and Edinburgh

  30. Two boys are born in Scotland in 1831, only a few months and miles apart.

  31. Both Tait and Maxwell lose a parent in their youth and are educated by another family member.

  32. They go to school at Edinburgh Academy and become friends, despite being in different years.

  33. Aged 16, they go to the University of Edinburgh to study mathematics and natural philosophy.

  34. After only a year, Tait decides he is ready for Cambridge and enters Peterhouse in 1848.Maxwell is left behind.

  35. In January 1852, Tait becomes the youngest ever person to be Senior Wrangler in the Tripos(aged 20 years and 8 months).

  36. After graduating, Tait wins a Fellowship at Peterhouse and begins coaching other students. “I could coach a coal scuttle to be Senior Wrangler!”

  37. In 1854 Tait becomes a professor at Queen’s College, Belfast, while in 1856 Maxwell becomes a professor at the University of Aberdeen.

  38. In 1859 the friends both apply for the newly vacant Chair of Natural Philosophy in Edinburgh. Only one of them can succeed…

  39. Tait gets the job, on the basis of his teaching. “There is another quality which is desirable in a Professor in a university like ours, and that is the power of oral exposition proceeding on the supposition of imperfect knowledge or even total ignorance on the part of the pupils.”

  40. Tait indeed became a “lecturing machine”. His classes were renowned for their enthusiasm, lucidity, demonstrations and interest.

  41. “Never, I think, can there have been a more superb demonstrator. I have his burly figure before me. The small twinkling eyes had a fascinating gleam in them; he could concentrate them until they held the object they looked at; when they flashed round the room he seemed to have drawn a rapier. I have seen a man fall back in alarm under Tait’s eyes, though there were a dozen benches between them. These eyes could be merry as a boy’s, though, as when he turned a tube of water on students who would insist on crowding too near an experiment…” One student was J.M.Barrie.

  42. Tait also worked tirelessly on maths and physics ideas, including quaternions, thermodynamics, thermoelectricity, the kinetic theory of gases and the four-colour problem.

  43. He became friends with William Thomson, who was Professor of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow.

  44. “We never agreed to differ, always fought it out. But it was almost as great a pleasure to fight with Tait as to agree with him.” Kelvin

  45. One day Tait invites Thomson to his laboratory...

  46. January 1867, back in the lab…

  47. In his laboratory, in 1867, Tait has set up an amazing experiment. Two big cardboard boxes are oozing with thick pungent smoke from holes cut in the front.

  48. Kelvin stands watching, as Tait hits a towel stretched over the end of the box.

  49. Rings of smoke emerged, at first violent and wobbly but quickly stabilising, sailing gracefully across the room “like solid rings of india-rubber”.

  50. Using a second cannon, Tait is able to make two rings bounce off each other, or fit one inside the other. Kelvin is amazed.

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