1 / 132

Psychological Disorders Chapter

Psychological Disorders Chapter. Psychological Disorders. An Introduction. Psychological Disorder. A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. What is abnormal, disturbing maladaptive and unjustifiable depends on:. Culture.

toril
Download Presentation

Psychological Disorders Chapter

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Psychological Disorders Chapter

  2. Psychological Disorders An Introduction

  3. Psychological Disorder • A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable. What is abnormal, disturbing maladaptive and unjustifiable depends on: • Culture • Time Period • Environmental Conditions • Individual Person

  4. Maladaptive • An exaggeration of normal, acceptable behaviors • Destructive to oneself or others

  5. Unjustifiable • A behavior which does not have a rational basis

  6. Disturbing • A behavior which is troublesome to other people

  7. Atypical • A behavior so different from other people’s behavior that it violates a norm • Norms vary from culture to culture

  8. MUDA • A mnemonic device used to remember the four attributes of a psychological disorder • Maladaptive • Unjustifiable • Disturbing • Atypical

  9. Early Theories • Afflicted people were possessed by evil spirits or sinners.

  10. During the Middle Ages treatment methods were inhumane and cruel • Music or singing was often used to chase away spirits. • In some cases trephening was used: Cutting a hole in the head of the afflicted to let out the evil spirit.

  11. Trephening

  12. Early Theories • Another theory was to make the body extremely uncomfortable.

  13. History of Mental Disorders • In the 1800’s, disturbed people were no longer thought of as madmen, but as mentally ill. They were first put in hospitals. Did this mean better treatment?

  14. Early Mental Hospitals • They were nothing more than barbaric prisons. • The patients were chained and locked away. • Some hospitals even charged admission for the public to see the “crazies”, just like a zoo.

  15. Philippe Pinel (1745-1826) • French physician who worked to reform the treatment of people with mental disorders • Encouraged more humane treatment

  16. Philippe Pinel • Pinel said “take the chains off and declare that these people are sick” “a cure must be found!!!”

  17. Somatogenic • At this time- it was believed that mental illness had a bodily cause- Somatogenic. General Paresis and Syphilis Example. But Somatogenic could not explain disorders such as hysteria (now called conversion disorder). Many disorders are psychogenic: the origin is psychological, not physical.

  18. The Medical Model • Concept that mental illnesses have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured. • Psychological disorders can be diagnosed based on their symptoms and treated or cured through therapy. • Psychological disorders are similar to a physical illness.

  19. Current Perspectives • Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective: assumes biological, psychological and sociocultural factors combine to interact causing psychological disorders. Used to be called Diathesis-Stress Model: diathesis meaning predisposition and stress meaning environment.

  20. Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective

  21. DSM-IV-TR • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Fourth Edition • The text of the DSM-IV was recently revised, hence “TR” at the end

  22. DSM-IV-TR • Divides mental disorders into 17 major categories • Includes the symptoms but not the causes of each disease • Has changed significantly since the first edition

  23. DSM-IV-TR Axis

  24. DSM-IV-TR Axis

  25. DSM-IV-TR Axis

  26. DSM-IV-TR Axis

  27. Labeling Stigmas • Studies show a clear bias against people diagnosed with mental disorders. Thomas Eagleton and George McGovern 1972

  28. Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. the patient fears something awful willhappen to them.

  29. Anxiety and Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety: Vague feeling of apprehension or nervousness • Anxiety disorder: where anxiety begins to take control and dominate a person’s life

  30. What is anxiety? • is a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

  31. Types of Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety disorders are divided into: • Generalized Anxiety Disorder • Panic Disorder • Phobia • Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

  32. Anxiety Disorders

  33. Generalized Anxiety Disorder • An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

  34. Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety • Must have at least three of the following: • Restlessness • Feeling on edge • Difficulty concentrating/mind going blank • Irritability • Muscle Tension • Sleep Disturbance

  35. Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations. Can cause secondary disorders, such as agoraphobia.

  36. Panic Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by sudden bouts of intense, unexplained anxiety • Often associated with physical symptoms like choking sensations or shortness of breath • Panic attacks may happen several times a day

  37. Phobias • A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread.

  38. Phobia • An anxiety disorder characterized by disruptive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations • The fear must be both irrational and disruptive.

  39. Social Phobia • Phobias which produce fear in social situations • Fear of speaking in public

  40. Agoraphobia • Fear of situations the person views as difficult to escape from • Fear of leaving one’s home or room in the house

  41. The Phobia List Link

  42. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted, repetitive thoughts and actions • Obsessions – repetitive thoughts • Compulsions – repetitive actions • The obsessions/compulsions begin to take control of the person’s life.

  43. Common Examples of OCD

  44. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder • An anxiety disorder characterized by reliving a severely upsetting event in unwanted recurring memories (flashbacks) and dreams

  45. Explanations for Anxiety Disorders • You Learn them through conditioning. • Evolution • Genes • Physiology (the brain)

  46. Biological Factors • Hereditary factors may result in a predisposition for developing anxiety disorders • Brain functions appear to be different in an anxiety disorder patient • Evolutionary factors may lead to anxiety disorders.

  47. Learning Factors • Through classical conditioning people may associate fear with an object. • Observational learning--watching another experiencing fearfulness--may result in developing fear. • Fear of an object may be reinforced when by avoiding the feared objects.

  48. Mood Disorders

More Related