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CH-2 Patterns of Associations

CH-2 Patterns of Associations. Dr. Yusheng M. Huang. Chapter Outline. Spatial Distribution （空間的分布） Evolutionary Relationships ( 演化關係） and Taxonomic Classification （分類） Trophic Relationships （營養關係） The General Nature （一般特性） of Marine Life. 2.1 Spatial Distribution.

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CH-2 Patterns of Associations

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  1. CH-2 Patterns of Associations Dr. Yusheng M. Huang

  2. Chapter Outline • Spatial Distribution （空間的分布） • Evolutionary Relationships (演化關係）and Taxonomic Classification （分類） • Trophic Relationships （營養關係） • The General Nature （一般特性） of Marine Life

  3. 2.1 Spatial Distribution A simple way to classify marine organisms is according to where they live. 浮游植物 有光區 浮游動物 游行動物 無光區 Benthos 底棲生物 infauna

  4. The benthos includes all organisms living on the sea bottom (the epifauna) or in the sediment of the seafloor (the infauna). • Nekton: the large actively swimming marine animals found in the pelagic division. • Pelagic plankton: carried about by water currents, plankton have little or no ability to control their geographic distribution, although some have reasonable abilities to swim vertically.

  5. 2.2 Evolutionary Relationships and Taxonomic Classification All living organisms exhibit varying capabilities for both ecologic and evolutionary adaptations （適應）to changing conditions. • Evolutionary adaptations: • Competition between individuals • Survival of the fitter （適者生存）

  6. Taxonomy and Classification (分類） • Biologists estimate that between 10 and 30 million different species of organisms exist on Earth today. • Taxonomic system of classification (分類系統) To reflect evolutionary (演化的） or phylogenetic （親緣的） relationships of organisms. • Common ancestor （共同祖先）

  7. Node (節點）: where speciation events occurred.

  8. The fundamental unit of taxonomic classification is the species. Common name (俗名) vs. Scientific name (學名)

  9. Taxonomic names of a species consist of two terms. The first is the genus name (屬名) followed by the species name (種名). Example: Delphinus delphis (common dolphin) Coryphaena hippurus (dolphinfish) Tripneustes gratilla (sea urchin) or Delphinus delphis(common dolphin) Coryphaena hippurus(dolphinfish) Tripneustes gratilla(sea urchin)

  10. (plu. Phyla) (plu. Genera)

  11. 5 Kingdoms

  12. Deoxyribonucleic acid去氧核醣核酸 鞭毛 核醣體 細胞質 細胞壁 細胞膜

  13. 葉綠體 細胞壁 液泡 核醣體 細胞核 核仁 內質網 高基氏體 粒腺體

  14. 2.3 Trophic (營養的） Relationships • Harvesting Energy （獲得能量） Living organisms require two fundamental things from their nourishment, matter （物質） and energy （能量）. • Autotrophic (自營性) vs. Heterotrphic (異營性) Autotrophic Primary producers: Photosynthesis （光合作用） and Chemosynthesis （化學合成作用） Heterotrophic consumers and decomposers（分解者）: Herbivores (草食者）, carnivores （肉食者）, and omnivores （雜食者）.

  15. The decomposers (分解者）, primarily bacteria （細菌） and fungi （真菌）, exist on detritus （碎屑）, the waste products and dead remains of organisms from all the other trophic levels.

  16. Biogeochemical cycle (生物地質化學循環)

  17. Food Chains and Food Webs （食物鏈與食物網） Only 6% to 20% passed on to the next level.

  18. Food pyramid (食物金字塔)

  19. Symbiosis (共生): an intimate and prolonged relationship between two (or more) species in which at least one species obtains some benefit from the relationship.

  20. Mutualism (互利): an obvious benefit to both the symbiont and to its host. Commensalism （偏利）: only benefit to the symbiont. Parasitism （寄生）: benefit to the symbiont, but harmful to the host.

  21. 2.4 The General Nature of Marine Life • Marine life is unique in several important ways: terrestrial vs. oceanic environment • Many of the substances produced by marine primary producers are not consumed directly by herbivores but are dissolved into seawater. • Organisms in the aphotic zone depend on the foods from the photic zone above • Water provides buoyancy and structural support

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