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Chromosomal Mutations

Chromosomal Mutations. Changes in Chromosome Number or Structure Alterations of Inheritance Patterns by Gender. Alterations in Chromosome Number . Polyploidy: one or more extra sets of chromosomes

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Chromosomal Mutations

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  1. Chromosomal Mutations Changes in Chromosome Number or StructureAlterations of Inheritance Patterns by Gender

  2. Alterations in Chromosome Number • Polyploidy: one or more extra sets of chromosomes • Aneuploidy: gain or loss of one chromosome or a small number of chromosomes

  3. Non-disjunction in Meiosis II Normal Meiosis Non-disjunction in Meiosis I Aneuploidy • Arises by Non-disjunction • Non-disjunction = failure of homologues or chromatids to separate during meiosis

  4. Human Chromosomal Aneuploids Autosomal Aneuploids Trisomy: three copies of one chromosome

  5. Human Autosomal Abnormality How can Down Syndrome occur? Eg. Egg with 2 copies of #21 (24 chromosomes) + Sperm with 1 copy of #21 (23 chromosomes) = Embryo with 3 copies of #21 (47 chromosomes)

  6. Karyotype for Down Syndrome Physical Features Eye fold Palm Crease

  7. 400 300 200 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 Incidence of Down Syndrome Increases with Maternal Age Number per 1000 Births Age of Mother (years)

  8. Which one involves the loss of one chromosome? Which one describes the failure of chromatids to separate in Anaphase II? Which one involves the gain of an extra set of chromosomes? Which is the most specific description for the cause of Down Syndrome? Polyploidy Non-disjunction Aneuploidy Crossing-over Trisomy Applying Your Knowledge

  9. Human Chromosomal Aneuploids Sex Chromosome Aneuploids Sterile female Fertile female Sterile male Fertile male

  10. Human Sex Chromosome Abnormality How can Turner Syndrome occur? Eg. Egg with 0 copies of X (22 chromosomes) +Sperm with 1 copy of X (23 chromosomes)= Embryo with 1 copy of X (45 chromosomes)

  11. Karyotype for Turner’s Syndrome

  12. Chromosome Structure Changes

  13. Chromosome Deletion in Humans Cri-du-chat syndrome is correlated with a deletion at the end of chromosome 5.

  14. Chromosome Duplication in Humans • Small duplications in chromosome 15 cause no symptoms • Large duplication (with inversion) causes seizures and mental retardation

  15. Chromosome Translocation in Humans • Reciprocal Translocation involves exchange between two non-homologous chromosomes • Reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 2 and 20 causes Alagille Syndrome

  16. Chromosome Translocation in Humans • Robertsonian Translocation involves a fusion of the long arms of two different chromosomes • Translocation Down Syndrome involves a Robertsonian Translocation between chromosomes 14 and 21

  17. Applying Your Knowledge • Deletion • Duplication • Inversion • Translocation • Which type of structure change • represents an exchange between two non-homologous chromosomes? • represents a reversal of a chromosome segment? • represents a loss of a chromosomal segment?

  18. John Adams BB or Bb bb BB or Bb bb John Quincy Adams Interaction between Gender and Heredity Example: Pattern BaldnessCaused by a dominant allele in males,but a recessive allele in females

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