Status of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission

1. LDCM SRR/MDR/PNAR 22-24 April 2008 Status of the Landsat Data Continuity Mission Jim Irons LDCM Project Scientist Laboratory for Atmospheres NASA Goddard Space Flight Center NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop University of California Santa Barbara August 05, 2008

2. Commercial Operations Gov’t Operations Gov’t Operations History of the Landsat Program NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

3. Landsat Satellites in Operation • Landsat 5 - 21 years beyond design life • 1984 Launch • Spacecraft • One remaining transmitter tube - TWTA • Solar Array Drive Failure • Fixed array operations – Aug 2006 • Thematic Mapper ( TM ) Sensor • Functioning normally in bumper-mode • Landsat 7 - 4 years beyond design life • 1999 Launch • Spacecraft • Gyro 3 Failure (Shut down May 5, 2004) • Functions nominally on two remaining gyros • Enhanced Thematic Mapper - Plus (ETM+) • Scan Line Corrector Failure (May 31, 2003) • Degraded data products NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

4. ETM+ SLC Failure Impact Note that the images show partial scenes, from the western edge through the scene center. NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

5. Multi-Decadal Archive • USGS operates the National Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data Archive at its EROS Center in Sioux Falls, SD • Marketable Scenes through March 31, 2008 • ETM+: Landsat 7 • 813,298 scenes • 755 TB • Archive grows by 260 GB Daily • TM: Landsat 4 & Landsat 5 • 738,798 scenes • 370 TB • Archive Grows by 40 GB Daily • MSS: Landsat 1 through 5 • 652,174 scenes • 20 TB of Data No other nation is committed to preserving a comparable record of the global land surface NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

6. ETM+ Scenes Archived in 2007 • Landsat 7 provides systematic coverage of the global land surface on a seasonal basis via a long term acquisition plan (LTAP) • No other nation’s satellite system is designed or operated to achieve even annual global coverage at the Landsat scale NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

7. 2001-2005: Global Coral Reef Atlas • 2001: NASA funds IMaRS/USF to achieve the “Millennium Coral Reef Mapping” as a Research project (PI: S. Andrefouet, F. Muller-Karger). • 2002: NASA also funds NASA/Johnson Space Center (Houston) to distribute reef/land maps to end-users as an Application project (PI: J. Robinson). • Combined goal: process the Landsat 7 ETM+ archive to achieve the first high resolution global map of coral reefs and distribute the products to users. NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

8. Global coral reef archive of L7 image • Hundreds of thousands of reef images collected but, • Cloud issues (algorithm for land) • Data policy and access issues (cost of L7 imagery) • USF/NASA JSC really achieved one complete cover in late 2003 (~1500 images) • Achieved through collaborations, “gifts”, and NASA data set purchase • Completed by Aster, TM and SPOT occasionally NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

9. Data Distribution and Data Policy A NEW ERA • USGS EROS has historically distributed Landsat data products to the general public on a non-discriminatory basis at the “cost of fulfilling a user request (COFUR)” • $600 per Landsat 7 ETM+ scene • On April 21, 2008 the USGS released a USGS Technical Announcement stating: • “By February 2009, any Landsat archive scene selected by a user will be processed, at no charge, automatically to a standard product recipe and staged for electronic retrieval.” NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

10. LDCM Implementation Strategies • Data Buy / Government-Industry Partnership 2000 - 2003 • Data Specification • NPOESS Incorporation 2004 - 2005 • 2004 Marburger Memo • Free-Flyer 2006 - present • 2005 Marburger Memo NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

11. LDCM Milestones • Operational Land Imager (OLI) awarded to Ball Aerospace Technology Corporation (BATC), Boulder, CO on July 16, 2007 • RFP released Jan. 09, 2007 • Cost-plus-award-fee contract, including all options, is for $127.9M • OLI Instrument Preliminary Design Review held March 03-07 at BATC • Atlas V launch vehicle selected Oct. 03, 2007 • Spacecraft awarded to General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems on April 28, 2008 • Request for Offer (RFO) released Dec. 07, 2007 via RSDO • Fixed-price contract for $116M • Mission Operations Element (MOE) RFP released Feb. 28 • SEB in progress NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

12. NASA / USGS Interagency Partnership • NASA Associate Administrator Alan Stern and the USGS Associate Director of Geography, Barbara Ryan, signed Final Implementation Agreement in April 2007 • NASA Shall • Lead, fund, and manage development of Space Segment and Launch Segment • Procure on a reimbursable basis the Mission Operations Element (MOE) • Lead the LDCM development as the system integrator for all mission segments throughout development, on-orbit checkout, and acceptance • Lead, fund, and manage the LDCM pre-launch calibration, validation, and characterization of LDCM data through on-orbit check out • Transfer the Space Segment and MOE contracts to USGS following on-orbit acceptance • Provide a co-chair for the Landsat Science Team • USGS shall • Lead, fund, and manage development of the Ground System (excluding the MOE) including flight operations and ground data processing • Accept the LDCM Space Segment and MOE contracts following on-orbit acceptance • Lead, fund, and manage on-orbit performance evaluation of the LDCM system and calibration, validation, and characterization of the LDCM data following on-orbit acceptance • Lead, fund, and manage the Landsat Science Team • Provide long-term archival of all LDCM data acquired by the U.S. Government NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

13. Operational Land Imager (OLI) • Instrument Preliminary Design Review successfully held 4-7 March • Most board members felt OLI well beyond PDR & OLI Team did an extraordinary job • Flight Hardware • Secondary and Tertiary Mirrors completed polishing • Optical Bench completed and in final testing • Filters • 5 Engineering model butcher block filter assemblies completed • Focal Plane Array • ROIC yield very good • ROIC testing at RVS has shown good results • SWIR detector test results good • Hybridization of first lot of 6 EDU/flight sensor chip assemblies in process • Instrument Support Electronics • All EDU board components have been mounted • Expecting all EDU boards to be in test by end of this month • OLI CDR - 9/30 – 10/2 NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

14. Spectral Characteristics NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

15. System Enhancements Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNR) (2) (2) (1) (1) (3) • EO-1 Science Team studies consistently found that ALI data offered improved ability to classify images, detect land cover change, and map environmental features and conditions relative to ETM+ data NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

16. OLI Baseline Design • Pushbroom VIS/SWIR sensor • Four mirror telescope with front aperture stop • FPA consisting of 14 sensor chip assemblies, passively cooled NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

17. OLI Instrument Overview X (Velocity Direction) Optical Bench Structure Calibration Subassembly Y Primary Mirror Assembly Z (Nadir Direction) Tertiary Mirror Assembly Bench to Deck Kinematic Mounts Quaternary Mirror Assembly Focal Plane Electronics (FPE) Instrument Support Electronics (ISE) Secondary Mirror Assembly NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

18. Focal Plane Consists of 14 Modules • Each Module contains Silicon and HgCdTe detectors mounted on a single readout chip (ROIC) • Spectral Filters above the detectors provide separation into bands Focal Plane Module NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

19. Calibration Detailed Design Underway • Calibration Subassembly Consists of Five Subassemblies • 3 LightShade Assemblies • 1 Diffuser Assembly • 1 Shutter Assembly • Stim Lamp Assemblies redesigned to increase emitted light and optimize monitoring diode position Solar LightShade Aft LightShade Entrance LightShade Diffuser Assembly Shutter Assembly Diodes view diffuser instead of housing wall No direct view of any lamps Exploded View of Calibration Subassembly NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

20. Flight Optics Flight Primary Mirror Prior to Final Polishing Flight Secondary Mirror at Final Edging (now in edge polish) Flight Tertiary Mirror Silvered for WFE Testing Flight Quaternary Mirror After Aspheric Shaping NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

21. Main Bench Assembly Takes Shape ATK technicians bond FPA bulkhead into bottom bulkhead as main bench assembly takes shape NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

22. Additional Instruments • Total Solar Irradiance Sensor • On May 2nd , NOAA announced that TSIS is back on NPOESS • TSIS no longer an option for LDCM • Thermal Infrared Sensor • Based on continued Congressional interest (appropriation language) the project is ensuring that TIRS will not be precluded from being accommodated on LDCM NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

23. LDCM Spacecraft • General Dynamics selected for LDCM spacecraft • Delivery order signed 4/28 • Key deliverables • Observatory (on-orbit; L+90 days) • Two Simulators • One Interface Simulator to be provided to OLI for interface testing with the instrument • One Spacecraft/Observatory Simulator for the MOC • Software Development Verification Facility • FOT Training • Manuals, classroom session, videotape, qualification testing • Recent activities focused on • OLI to S/C interface • Ensure TIRS accommodation is not precluded • Requirements • Systems Requirements Review • September, 2008 NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

24. Mission Operations Element (MOE) • Mission Operations Element (MOE) • Command & Control, Mission Scheduling, Long-Term Trending and Analysis, and Flight Dynamics • SEB in progress NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

25. Landsat Science Team • USGS convened the first meeting of the USGS-sponsored science team for Jan. 09 - 11, 2007 at USGS EROS in Sioux Falls, SD • Co-chaired by the USGS Landsat Project Scientist, Tom Loveland, and the NASA LDCM Project Scientist, Jim Irons • USGS selected 17 science team members in Oct. • 8 PI’s from academia and private industry • 6 civil servant PI’s and 3 international PI’s • Team selected Curtis Woodcock, Boston U., as Team Leader • Second meeting held June 12 - 14, 2007 in Corvallis, OR • Third meeting held Jan. 08 - 10, 2008 at USGS EROS • Fourth Meeting held July 15 - 7 at USGS HQ, Reston, VA NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

26. SRR/MDR/PNAR • SRR/MDR/PNAR successfully conducted May 20-23 • Purpose of review • System Requirements Review (SRR) • Examines the functional and performance requirements defined for the system and the preliminary project plan and ensures that the requirements and the selected concept will satisfy the mission • Mission Definition Review (MDR) • Examines the proposed requirements, the mission architecture, and the flow down to all functional elements of the mission to ensure that the overall concept is complete, feasible, and consistent with available resources • Preliminary Non Advocate Review (PNAR) • PNAR is conducted as part of the MDR to provide Agency management with an independent assessment of the readiness of the project to proceed to Phase B • SRR/MDR/PNAR Results • Standing Review Board (SRB) identified 11 strengths • SRB identified three issues NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

27. Standing Review Board Issues SRB identified 3 issues • Launch Readiness Date requirement of July 2011 drove the Project to baseline an extremely aggressive, high risk schedule which lacks any schedule reserve at the mission level. • Probability of the project successfully implementing this schedule is extremely low based on the SRB schedule analysis. • Project currently has a requirement for the spacecraft to accommodate a thermal imagining instrument (TIRS) and continues to conduct feasibility studies to include this instrument on the LDCM. • Adding the TIRS instrument at this point in the Project would have significant cost and schedule impacts. • Continued requests for technical, cost, and schedule plans and estimates for adding the TIRS instrument distract the Project leadership and engineering personnel from focusing on implementing the current baseline mission which adds risk. • Based on the schedule assessment, which identified the current baseline schedule as very high risk, and the SRB Independent Cost Analysis (ICA), including an Independent Cost Estimate (ICE), the Project baseline budget may not be adequate. NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

28. Results of the SRR/MDR/PNAR • Launch readiness date (LRD) under review • Current LRD of July, 2011 found unrealistic in multiple independent schedule analyses of baseline (OLI-only) mission • LRD will likely be moved out 6 to 18 months • Addition of a thermal infrared sensor is being revisited • 2007 study at GSFC estimated cost and schedule impacts and developed conceptual sensor design based on microbolometer-based focal plane - study terminated in Sept., 2007 • Due to Congressional interest expressed in draft 2009 NASA appropriation language, GSFC has been directed by NASA HQ to revisit the 2007 study • Cryogenically-cooled detector technologies are being evaluated NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

29. LDCM Thermal Requirements • 120 m resolution sufficient to resolve most center-pivot irrigation fields in U.S. West - typically 400 to 800 m in diameter • Landsat satellites provide 16 day repeat of imaging - sufficient for water consumption estimation unless clouds preclude imaging • Landsat 4 & 5 TM’s provided 120 m thermal images for single thermal band • Landsat 7 ETM+ provided 60 m thermal images for single thermal band • The two bands enable atmospheric correction for accurate surface temperatures NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop

30. Landsat Thermal Data for Hydrodynamic Modeling Landsat TM Data, June 12, 1992 True Color Composite Thermal Channel Courtesy of John Schott Rochester Institute of Technology

31. Why Build the LDCM? • Due to increasing population land cover and land use are changing at rates unprecedented in human history with profound consequences for society Food - Water - Shelter - Climate • No alternatives to Landsat data continuity • Scale • Archive • Geographic coverage • Data distribution policy • Calibration & data quality • The need is urgent • Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 are well past design lives • A Landsat data gap is imminent • LDCM aligns directly with strategic plans for NASA, national climate change research, and international earth observations • Both the Executive Office of the President and the Congress have mandated a Landsat 7 successor mission NASA Coastal Habitats Workshop