Factors Affecting Health Promotion

1. Factors Affecting Health Promotion Miss Najwa Subuh

2. What is health promotion? • Health promotion is the process of enabling people to exert control over the determinants of health and thereby improve their health. • Health promotion is a process directed towards enabling people to take action. Thus, health promotion is not something that is done on or to people; it is done by, with & for people either as individuals or as groups. Miss Najwa Subuh

3. What is health promotion? • The purpose of this activity is to strengthen the skills & capabilities of individuals to take action and the capacity of groups or communities to act collectively to exert control over the determinants of health and achieve positive change. Miss Najwa Subuh

4. The two main approaches to promoting healthy behaviors: • The health education model: has concentrated on changing individual behavior. • The health promotion model, which differs from health education models by looking beyond the individual & placing health in a sociopolitical framework • There is increasing recognition that a person's health & health choices are affected by factors “education, income, employment, environment, access to health services & social support” Miss Najwa Subuh

5. Role and relevance of health promotion Health promotion will include combinations of the strategies first described in the Ottawa charter is developing personal skills, strengthening community action, and creating supportive environments for health, backed by healthy public policy & reorient health services towards health promotion. Health promotion will include actions directed at both the determinants of health that are outside the immediate control of individuals, including social, economic and environmental conditions, and the determinants within the more immediate control of individuals, including individual health behaviours. Miss Najwa Subuh

6. Health promotion is a powerfully relevant strategy for social development in particular as an important set of strategies to address the factors influencing inequalities in health. The range of strategies draws upon multiple fields of thought including anthropology, epidemiology, sociology, psychology & other behavioral sciences, public health, political science, education & communication Miss Najwa Subuh

7. Principles of health promotion as determined by WHO • Health promotion involves the population as a whole in the context of their everyday life, rather than focusing on people at risk from specific diseases. • Health promotion is directed towards action on the determinants or cause of health. This requires a close co-operation between sectors beyond health care reflecting the diversity of conditions which influence health. Miss Najwa Subuh

8. Health promotion combines methods or approaches including communication, education, legislation, organizational change, community change, community development & spontaneous local activities against health hazards. • Health promotion aims particularly at effective and concrete public participation. This requires the further development of problem-defining and decision-making life skills • Health promotion is primarily a societal and political venture and not medical service, although health professionals have an important role in advocating and enabling health promotion Miss Najwa Subuh

9. Factors Affecting Health and Illness Physical Dimension • Genetic make-up, age, developmental level, race and sex are all part of an individual’s physical dimension and strongly influence health status and health practices. Emotional Dimension • How the mind and body interact to affect body function and to respond to body conditions also influences health. Long term stress affects the body systems and anxiety affects health habits; conversely, calm acceptance and relaxation can actually change body responses to illness. Intellectual Dimension • The intellectual dimension encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background and past experiences. These influence a client’s responses to teaching about health and reactions to health care during illness. They also play a major role in health behaviors. Miss Najwa Subuh

10. Environmental Dimension • The environment has many influences on health and illness. Housing, sanitation, climate and pollution of air, food and water. Socio-cultural Dimension • Health practices and beliefs are strongly influenced by a person’s economic level, lifestyle, family and culture. Low-income groups are less likely to seek health care to prevent or treat illness; high-income groups are more prone to stress-related habits and illness. The family and the culture to which the person belongs determine patterns of livings and values, about health and illness that are often unalterable. Spiritual Dimension • Spiritual & religious beliefs are important components of the way the person behaves in health & illness. Miss Najwa Subuh

11. LEVELS OF PREVENTION • Primary Prevention • Providing specific protection against disease to prevent its occurrence is the most desirable form of prevention. • Primary preventive efforts spare the client the cost, discomfort and the threat to the quality of life that illness poses or at least delay the onset of illness. • Preventive measures consist of counseling, education and adoption of specific health practices or changes in life style. Miss Najwa Subuh

12. LEVELS OF PREVENTION • Secondary Prevention • It consists of organized, direct screening efforts or education of the public to promote early case finding of an individual with disease so that prompt intervention can be instituted to halt pathologic processes and limit disability. • Early diagnosis of a health problem can decrease the catastrophic effects that might otherwise result for the individual & the family from advanced illness & its many complications. Miss Najwa Subuh

13. LEVELS OF PREVENTION • Tertiary Prevention • It begins early in the period of recovery from illness & consists of such activities as consistent & appropriate administration of medications to optimize therapeutic effects, moving & positioning to prevent complications of immobility and passive & active exercises to prevent disability. • Continuing health supervision during rehabilitation to restore an individual to an optimal level of functioning. Minimizing residual disability and helping the client learn to live productively with limitations are the goals of tertiary prevention Miss Najwa Subuh

14. Health promotion and determinants of health • Health is a resource for life that enables people to lead individually, socially & economically productive lives. It is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources (physical, mental & spiritual). • It has long been acknowledged that there are certain prerequisites for health that include peace, adequate economic resources (and their distribution), food and shelter, clean water, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resource use, and access to basic human rights. Miss Najwa Subuh

15. The challenge to meet these fundamental needs must remain a core goal for all action directed towards health, social and economic development. • Recognition of these prerequisites highlights the inextricable links between social & economic conditions, structural changes, the physical environment, individual lifestyles & health. • These links provide the key to an holistic understanding of health, and are meaningful to people's lives as they experience them. Miss Najwa Subuh

16. Health Promotion Principles • Involves the population as a whole in the context of their every day life, rather than focusing on people who are at risk from specific diseases. • Directed towards action on the determinants or causes of ill health. • Combines diverse, but complementary, methods or approaches. • Health promotion is basically an activity in health and social fields - and not a medical service, but health professionals should work outwards, in education and health advocacy. Miss Najwa Subuh

17. Health Promotion Principles • Empowering - enabling individuals and communities to assume more power over the determinants of health. • Participatory - involving all concerned at all stages of the process. • Holistic - fostering physical, mental, social and spiritual health. • Intersectoral - involving the collaboration of agencies from relevant sectors. • Equitable - guided by a concern for equity and social justice. • Sustainable - bringing about changes that individuals & communities can maintain once funding has ended. • Multi-strategy - uses a variety of approaches – including policy development, organisational change, community development, legislation. Miss Najwa Subuh

18. Challenges for health promotion • The fact that health promotion refers to a collection of strategies that can be applied to many health & development issues also means that these strategies must operate within the context of something else. • 'Empowerment', 'advocacy', 'communications', 'education', 'social mobilization', 'community participation', and so on, all buzz-words of health promotion adherents, have little meaning in a vacuum. Nor are these components of health promotion ends in themselves, but means to achieve healthier and fuller lives. Miss Najwa Subuh

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