Aviation and the Environment

1. Technische Universität Berlin Berlin Institute of Technology Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Aviation and the Environment Presented by Martin Otzik April 28th, 2009 Orlando, Florida, USA

3. Giovanni BisignaniIATA Director General and CEO IATA Annual General Meeting 2007 Vancouver “Air transport must aim to become an industry that does not pollute — zero emissions! “

4. Agenda • Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact • Research Strategies • Technology Fields Addressed • Regulatory Measures • Challenges for Training

5. Agenda • Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact • Research Strategies • Technology Fields Addressed • Regulatory Measures • Challenges for Training

6. Aviation Growth Sources: Airbus 2007, Global Market Forecast 2007 – 2026; IATA, ICAO

7. Goals of GHG Emission Reduction Kyoto Protocol: (compared to 1990 level) • 8% European Union by 2012 • 7% USA by 2012 (not ratified) Obama Administration’ Agenda: • 80% reduction of GHG emissions by 2050 IATA: • Aviation Zero Emission by 2050

8. Carbon Footprint - No Problem? Aviation 2% Other Transportation Sources 13% Other Sources 85% Source: IPCC, “Aviation and the Global Atmosphere” Percentage of anthropogenic CO2 emissions

9. Yes, there‘s a problem. • Continuing growth of global aviation  Emissions will outgrowth efficiency gain • Radiative Forcing Index • Includes other emissions: Ozone, methane, contrails, soot, etc. • Cirrus cloud effects not fully understood Total radiative forcing index: 2.2 – 3.7 Aviation’s carbon footprint increases!

10. Air Traffic and Carbon Dioxide 2 % SFC gain per year

11. The Industry has understood! Signed by: ACI, CANSO, IATA, ICCAIA, Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier, Embraer, CFM, GE, Pratt & Whitney. Rolls-Royce, ATAG

12. Agenda • Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact • Research Strategies • Technology Fields Addressed • Regulatory Measures • Challenges for Training

13. Environmental Goals 50% less fuel and CO2 50% less noise 80% less NOX Reduction of environmental impact Air Transport System Efficiency Goals Three times more movements 99% on schedule performance in all weather conditions ACARE Goals for 2020 ACARE (Advisory Council for Aeronautics Research in Europe) = Expert group from all aviation system stakeholders

14. Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative • - 10 to 20 % fuel burn • - 5 to 10 dB noise • Reduction of drag • New aircraft config. • Aircraft energy concepts • Green trajectories • Improved ground ops • New ops management • Contra fan • Open rotor • Alternative fuels

15. Agenda • Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact • Research Strategies • Technology Fields Addressed • Regulatory Measures • Challenges for Training

16. Still Room For Engine Improvement Source: Development of the BPR and SFC (Martens 2007)

17. Innovative Engines – Near future Geared Turbofan (GTF) SFC: -6 to -10% (compared to 2000 Status) Noise: -15 to -20 EPNdB Mass: +8 to +10% Entry into Service: 2013 as P&W PurePower PW1000G Mitsubishi Regional Jet and Bombardier CSeries

18. Innovative Engines – Far Future Engines with Intercooler and Heat Exchanger SFC: -16 to -20% (compared to 2000 status) Noise: -18 to -22 EPNdB (compared to Chapter 4) NOX: -50% CAEP/6 Higher Mass To be realized not before 2035

19. Alternative Fuel Options IATA Goal: 10% alternative fuels by 2017   Fossil    Renewable  Source: Airbus

20. ATC/ATM – Current Initiatives Single European Sky ATM Research (2005 – 2020) Next Generation Air Trans-portation System (2005 – 2025) Goals:More Capacity, Increased Safety,Higher Efficiency, Less Delays Elimination of Fragmentation Trajectory Based Operation System Wide Information Management Security

21. Agenda • Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact • Research Strategies • Technology Fields Addressed • Regulatory Measures • Challenges for Training

22. Airport Emission Charges • Emission charges at 15 European airports • Yet no implementation outside Europe * Approximate fees (emissions only) per landing; A320-200 with CFM-56 engines, B777-300 with GE-90 engines

23. Emission Trading Scheme - ETS • Aviation will be included in the European ETS from 2012 • All Airlines flying from/to and within EU • Legal problems of including non EU Airlines (ATA: “European Aviation ETS illegal”) • 5.3 billion EUR annual cost for European airlines (AEA estimates) • EU: Demand growth drop from 142% (business as usual) to 135% (ETS) in 2020 Source: CE Delft, „Giving wings to emission trading”; July 2005

24. Average Fuel Consumption of the World Passenger Fleet

25. Agenda • Aviation Growth and Resulting Environmental Impact • Research Strategies • Technology Fields Addressed • Regulatory Measures • Challenges for Training

26. Innovative Noise Abatement Procedures • e.g. Segmented Continuous Descent Approach procedure • precise timing required for configuration changes • precise vertical guidance required (APPR) • upcoming systems needed (Auto Slat/Flap System) Source: DLR-FT (Braunschweig)

27. Conclusion For Future Green Operations • more complex procedures require more system knowledge and understanding • additional systems needed such as enhanced HMI and ASFS (Auto Slat/Flap System) • all together higher automation levels  more specialized training needed

28. Flying Green is Possible! Martin Otzik Technische Universität Berlin martin.otzik@ilr.tu-berlin.de Chair of Flight Guidance and Air Transportation Aviation and the Environment