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Mapping Indiana’s History Using GIS Technology

Bill Holder, Koscuisko County Kevin Mickey, The Polis Center. Mapping Indiana’s History Using GIS Technology. GIS and History. GIS and History.

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Mapping Indiana’s History Using GIS Technology

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  1. Bill Holder, Koscuisko County Kevin Mickey, The Polis Center Mapping Indiana’s HistoryUsing GIS Technology

  2. GIS and History

  3. GIS and History Historical GIS is a computer-based tool and an associated set of methods that combines geography (study of spatial differentiation) and history (study of temporal differentiation) In other words… the study of change over space and time.

  4. Challenges of Historical GIS • Thinking spatially • Where is something (an object) located? • What characteristics (attributes) are part of the object in its location? • Has it moved, and has its movement changed its characteristics? • Thinking visually • Representing complexity • Representing movement through space and time

  5. Challenges of Historical GIS • Historical data are often uncertain, ambiguous, incomplete, or missing • Contextual data are limited • Complex software • Incomplete spatial ontology (classification schemes)

  6. Questions to Consider • What can be learned from what is shown on a map? • Symbols used to represent information • Major events/features as perceived by the designer • What can be learned by what is missing on a map? • Missing borders • Features such as cities or other cultural features

  7. Example Rambles thru our Country - 1841

  8. Working with non-georeferenced data Working with non-georeferenced data

  9. Issues for Scanned Imagery • Creating digital map images requires access to a scanner. • Can be quite expensive – although inexpensive options are available. • Decisions must be made about resolution. • Higher resolution images show more detail, but create larger files that are slow to display.

  10. Issues for Scanned Imagery Delivering digital map images • Large image files are typically very slow to deliver across the Web.

  11. Deriving Vector Data from Raster Maps • Heads-up ‘tracing’ (digitizing) • Involves manually drawing points, lines, and polygons on top of a raster image that has been scanned into a digital format.

  12. Deriving Vector Data from Raster Maps • Automatic vectorization tools • Also involves creating points lines and polygons, but in this case, the computer automatically scans the map and creates the features. • The quality of the output depends on the quality of the data source. Some manual editing is nearly always necessary.

  13. Capturing and Using Attributes • You can create a database attached to the vectorized graphic feature which can then be queried as needed. • For example - “Find the geographic feature named Anticoste I.”

  14. Applications of Historical GIS Project Examples

  15. Projects • Project on Religion and Urban Culture • Teaching American History Grants • Historic Cemeteries in Indiana

  16. Project on Religion and Urban Culture • The Project on Religion and Urban Culture nurtured public inquiry and civic conversation about the role of religion in the creation and re-creation of urban community in one American city, and, by implication, in other American cities. • Products included eight books, two video series and over 90 periodical publications.

  17. Steps in Thinking • Textual data suggested the relocation of churches is related to movement of members. • We mapped church members addresses at multiple points in history to visualize the patterns of their movement and their relationship to class. • Example – 2nd Presbyterian Church

  18. 1909

  19. 1928

  20. 1959

  21. 1998

  22. Mapping the member locations provided the ability to explore the relationship between demographics and member locations. 1947 Membership overlaid on portion of Median Income

  23. Teaching American History Grants • Polis and its partners were recipients of three multi-million dollar Teaching American History grants from the U.S. Department of Education between 2007 and 2009. • Grant partners • IUPUI Department of History • Virginia Center for Digital History • Charlottesville Public Schools • City of Martinsville and Brown County, Indiana school systems

  24. Teaching American History Grants • Project activities included development and testing of multiple approaches for integrating geospatial technologies into the social studies curriculum of K-12 classrooms. • These efforts ranged from conducting stand alone workshops to integrating workshops with field research over a multi-month period. • Teachers learned a variety of GIS tools and developed lesson plans.

  25. Examples of projects • ‘Why are we here?’Identify patterns of the impact of industrialization on urbanization • ‘My Changing Indiana’Describe the removal of Indian groups from Indiana in the 1830s • ‘Bloomington Indiana: How has it changed?’ • ‘Indiana Pre-statehood Using Maps’ • Earthquake patterns

  26. Mapping Historic CemeteriesUsing GIS Technology

  27. Where my Interest in Cemeteries began • Picture it – Knoxville Tennessee, Summer of 1994 • Worked as a GIS Specialist for the Knoxville/Knox County Tennessee Metropolitan Planning Commission • Volunteered at the Great Smoky Mountain National Park one day a week • Assigned to work with a seasonal park ranger on surveying the Cemeteries of Cades Cove • Used traditional survey equipment to map the cemeteries. Also transcribed the information from each stone • Enjoyed the experience of working in these historic Cemeteries in a beautiful mountain setting

  28. Why map Cemeteries? Genealogy Preservation

  29. Giving Credit 2007 Indiana GIS Conference Margaret Minzner – Mapping Historic Structures Gunty Atkins/Shaun Scholer – Marrying Historic Info into GIS Val Swift - Who’s on (The Property) First? All three presentations involved mapping history or using historic resources in GIS. (Fascinating!!!) Discussion with Rick Kiersey – City of Kendallville City was using GIS to map and manage their Cemetery

  30. Kosciusko Project Beginnings Kosciusko County Historical Society Warsaw High School Coop Student Kokomo/Howard County Library

  31. The First Field Trip Cook Cemetery – Near Warsaw Supplies – Trimble Geo XT, Camera, Cemetery Map provided by Township Trustee and GIS Map with 2005 Orthophoto Conclusions – GPS not necessary if gravestones are visible on orthos

  32. The Field Work Process Cemetery Field Work Supplies – Camera (model) , GIS Map with 2005 Orthophoto, 1970’s transcription done by Lester Binnie, Cemetery Log Sheet

  33. Software Kosciusko County Historical Society Not a Kosciusko County Government Project Historical Society needed software ESRI Conservation Program Grant – Awarded May 2009. Received ArcView 9.3

  34. GIS Data Input ESRI ArcGIS 9.3 Orthophoto, 1970’s transcription done by Lester Binnie, Cemetery Log Sheet Value of .5 Foot Pixel Orthophotography

  35. GIS Data Input, continued ArcGIS Demo

  36. Funding the Project Funding Sources Kosciusko Community Foundation Esther Pfleiderer Charitable Trust Kosciusko County Historical Society City of Warsaw

  37. Accomplishments in 2009 Accomplishments 40 Cemeteries - Completed Photo Field Survey 35 Cemeteries – Complete and online 12000 Photographs taken 7000 GIS database records added Cemetery Data on Kosciusko County GIS Website 9 volunteers gave 100’s of hours of their time to further the project

  38. Cemetery Data Online Put data on Kosciusko County GIS Website in Nov 2009. Web Demo

  39. A few Indiana Historic GIS Resources

  40. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps Fire insurance maps document the changing face of towns and cities, providing highly detailed information for each neighborhood and block The Library of Congress web site refers to them as "probably the single most important record of urban growth and development in the United States during the past one hundred years."

  41. Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps

  42. David Rumsey Map Collection

  43. David Rumsey Collection • Over 21,000 maps online – over 150,000 in the collection • The collection focuses on rare 18th and 19th century maps of North and South America. • Items range in date from about 1700 to 1950s. • Downloadable in multiple resolutions • Images can be reproduced or transmitted, but not for commercial use

  44. Newberry Library • Historic maps by decade of U.S. county boundaries • Available free of charge for non-commercial use http://www.newberry.org/

  45. Stanford University GIS Library • Links to hundreds of websites that provide GIS data – historic and otherwise • Examples • National Atlas • National Historic Geographic Information System • Hints: Be sure to explore the ‘GIS Bookmarks’ link http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/gis/web.html

  46. IndianaMap • Current resources • Historical environmental data (earthquakes) • Population change • Definite opportunities to add more data!

  47. Indiana Spatial Data Portal • 1947-75 aerial photos for Bloomington • 1865 plat maps for Bloomington • Statewide aerial photography beginning in 1998

  48. County Resources • County aerial photography • Historic census data • Create your own (more on that later)

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