1 / 47

Age of Exploration

Age of Exploration. Ch. 2 Sec. 1 Ch. 3 Sec. 4/5. The Search for spices. Ch. 14 Sec. 1. Reasons for Exploration. With a growing population- higher demand for traded goods Most valued items were spices to preserve food, add flavor to meat, and for medicines and perfume

terah
Download Presentation

Age of Exploration

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Age of Exploration Ch. 2 Sec. 1 Ch. 3 Sec. 4/5

  2. The Search for spices Ch. 14 Sec. 1

  3. Reasons for Exploration • With a growing population- higher demand for traded goods • Most valued items were spices to preserve food, add flavor to meat, and for medicines and perfume • Moluccas: island chain known as Spice Islands • Set out in search of direct access to Asia

  4. Portugal Sails East • Prince Henry sponsored exploration for Portugal • First discovered/claimed Madeira and Azores islands • Expanded into Muslim North Africa • Opportunity to convert Africans to Christianity • Hoped to find easier way to reach Asia- would have to go around Africa

  5. Portugal Sails East Con’t • Henry gathered scientists, cartographers- map makers, and other experts to prepare for a long voyage • Redesigned ships, drew maps, trained captains • Worked their way South to explore western coast of Africa

  6. Portugal Sails East Con’t • Henry died in 1460 but the quest continued • 1488: Bartholomeu Dias rounded Cape of Good Hope • 1497: Vasco da Gama- reached spice port of Calicut in India • Very rough journey, but proved highly profitable- created a trade network

  7. Columbus Sails West • News of Portugal’s success inspired Italian navigator Christopher Columbus • Wanted to reach East Indies by sailing West across Atlantic • Underestimated Earth’s size • Portugal would not sponsor him, but Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain did • Rulers hoped Columbus’s voyage would bring wealth and prestige

  8. Columbus Sails West • Aug. 3, 1492: Columbus sailed West • Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria • Oct. 12: land was spotted • Spent several months cruising around islands of Caribbean • Thought he reached Indies- called locals Indians • 1493: returned home to discover later he found a new continent

  9. Dividing the Globe • Ferdinand and Isabella appealed to Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI • Wanted support of their claim to the new world • Pope set Line of Demarcation- line set by Treaty of Tordesillas dividing the non-European world into two zones, one controlled by Spain (west) and the other Portugal (East) • Led to building empires quickly to claim land

  10. Naming Western Hemisphere • Amerigo Vespucci, Italian sea Captain, wrote journal describing his voyage to Brazil • Martin Waldseemuller used Vespucci’s description to publish map- which he labeled “America” • Term turned to “Americas” which came to be used for both continents • Islands Columbus explored became West Indies

  11. Search Continues • English, Dutch, and French explored coast of North America for “northwest passage” • Unsuccessful • Vasco Nunez de Balboa made passage westward through forests of Panama • Sept. 20, 1519: Ferdinand Magellan (Spain) set out to find a route to Pacific Ocean • Sailed coast of South America exploring each bay • Nov. 1520: found a passage – later known as Strait of Magellan • Renamed South Sea to Pacific (Latin for peaceful)

  12. Search Continues • Most of the crew wanted to return the way they came • Magellan wanted to continue West • He underestimated size of Pacific- took longer than expected • March 1522 (3 years after setting out) reached Philippines- Magellan was killed • Survivors were first to circumnavigate- sail around the world

  13. The Atlantic Slave Trade Ch. 3 Sec. 4

  14. Triangular Trade Across Atlantic • Spanish were first major European partners in slave trade • After other European nations established colonies in Americas they joined slave trade network • Atlantic Slave trade formed one part of three-legged international trade network- Triangular Trade- triangle shaped series of Atlantic trade routes linking Europe, Africa, and Americas

  15. Shipping People and Goods • First leg: merchant ships brought European goods (guns, cloth, and cash) to Africa • Merchants traded these goods for slaves • Second leg: Middle Passage: slaves were transported to Americas • Slaves traded for sugar, molasses, cotton, furs, rum, and other manufactured products • Third leg: merchants carried American goods to Europe where they were sold at a profit

  16. Interactive Map: Triangular Trade Routes

  17. Industries and Cities thrive • Triangular trade immediately profitable for many people • Merchants: even though risk of losing ships • Industries that supported trade: shipbuilding • Other colonial industries: fishing, tobacco, sugar • Led to successful port cities

  18. Horrors of Middle Passage • To merchants was just another voyage/ for enslaved Africans it was a horror • Most slaves were taken from inland villages • Forced to march to coastal ports (up to 1,000 miles) • Bound by ropes and chains to one another • Might be forced to carry heavy loads • Those who lived the march were held in port holding pens and warehouses

  19. Horrors of Middle Passage Con’t • Once purchased- packed below decks of slave ships • Hundreds packed into single vessel for voyages from 3 weeks to 3 months • Ships faced storms, raids by pirates, mutinies- revolts by captives • Disease was biggest threat • Most died of dysentery, others smallpox, other unknown diseases • Ships became known as “floating coffins” • Suicide was common

  20. Impact of Slave Trade • Brought enormous wealth to merchants and traders • Provided labor to help colonial economies grow • African states/societies were torn apart • 1500s: estimated 2,000 Africans sent to Americas each yr. • 1780s: approached 80,000 a year • Mid 1800s: slave trade was “stopped”

  21. Effects of Global Contact Ch. 3 Sec. 5

  22. Columbian Exchange • Columbus’s return to Spain brought plants and animals found in the Americas • Later that year, Columbus returned to Americas with European plants and animals along with colonists • He began a vast global exchange that would affect the world • Since it started with Columbus we call it Columbian Exchange

  23. Columbian Exchange

  24. Diagram of Columbian Exchange

  25. New Foods and Animals • From Americas to Europe: • Tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn and potatoes • Potatoes, easy and cheap to grow, helped feed Europe’s growing population • Corn became world’s most important cereal crops • From Europe to Americas: • Wheat, grapes, cattle, pigs, goats, chickens, horses and donkeys • Bananas and sugar cane from Africa and Asia

  26. Global Population Grows • Exchange of food crops contributed to world population growth • Exchange sparked migration of millions • Europeans began to sail to Americas- promise of new life and land opportunities • Slave trade brought millions of Africans to Americas • In some parts of world, population declined: • European diseases (smallpox & measles) spread and killed Native Americans • Others wiped out due to conflicts

  27. Commercial Revolution • 1500s prices began to rise, also, there was much more money in circulation • Inflation: a rise in prices that is linked to a sharp increase in the amount of money available • Caused by large amount of silver/gold flowing into Euro from Americas • Price Revolution: The period in Euro history when inflation rose rapidly

  28. Capitalism Emerges • Expanded trade, increased money supply, and push for overseas empires spurred growth of European capitalism: economic system in which businesses are owned privately • Entrepreneurs: people who take on financial risk to make profits • Key to success of capitalism • Organized, managed, and assumed the risks of doing business • Hired workers, paid for raw materials, transport, and other costs of production

  29. Exploring New Business Methods • Early Europeans discovered new ways to create wealth • Adapted ideas of bookkeeping from Arabs • Banks increased in importance allowing wealthy merchants to lend money at interest • Joint stock companies allowed people to pool investment to fund overseas adventures • “Putting-Out” system bypassed guilds • Separated capital and labor for the first time • Leads to capitalist-owned factories of Industrial Rev.

  30. Putting Out/ Colonial System

  31. Mercantilism Arises • Monarchs enjoyed benefits of commercial revolution- led to mercantilism: policy by which a nation sought to export more than it imported in order to build its supply of gold and silver

  32. Mercantilism System • Overseas colonies existed for benefit of parent country • They provided resources and raw materials not available in Europe • Euro powers passed strict laws regulating trade • Colonies could not set up own industries, forbidden to buy goods from foreign counties

  33. Increase National Wealth • To boost production- governments exploited mineral and timber resources, built roads and backed new industries • Imposed national currencies and standard weights and measures • Imposed tariffs: taxes on imported goods • Led to rise of national government • Had a lot of control over economies • Debatable if system made economies wealthier

  34. Impact on European Society • Societies still divided into distinct social classes • Price revolution hurt nobles and helped overseas capitalists • Change took generations to be felt by majority of Europeans • Merchants/skilled workers thrived, hired laborers who served middle/upper class lived on edge of poverty

More Related