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Ideologies and Upheavals

Ideologies and Upheavals. The Advents of the “Isms”. Background. Industrialization + French Revolution = new doctrines & movements 1815-1848 = advent of the “isms” Enlightenment “philosophy” + activism/partisanship of French Revolution = new systemization of ideas. A note on language.

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Ideologies and Upheavals

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  1. Ideologies and Upheavals The Advents of the “Isms”

  2. Background • Industrialization + French Revolution = new doctrines & movements • 1815-1848 = advent of the “isms” • Enlightenment “philosophy” + activism/partisanship of French Revolution = new systemization of ideas

  3. A note on language • “liberalism” appeared in English lang in 1819 • “radicalism” in 1820 • “socialism” in 1832 • “conservatism” in 1835 • 1830s: “individualism”, “constitutionalism”, “humanitarianism”, “feminism”, and “monarchism” • 1840s: “nationalism”, “communism” • 1850s: “capitalism”, “Marxism”

  4. Romanticism • 1800-1850 • Literature/art theory • Rejected classical rules & rational order • Celebrated idiosyncrasies & creative individuals • Produced modern image of “defiant artistic rebel” • Affected thinking on social & public questions

  5. Romanticism • Love of • Moods, impressions • Scenes, stories • Sights, sounds • Mysterious, unknown • Valued feeling & reason • Importance of subconscious • Original or creative genius  nationalism

  6. Gothic Revival (Middle Ages)

  7. England

  8. France

  9. Germany

  10. Classical Liberalism • Origins: • Spain (Napoleon’s opponents) • France (opposition to royalism in 1814) • England, 1850s (Liberal Party)

  11. Classical Liberalism • WHO? Generally business/professional classes & enterprising landowners • WHAT? Emphasis on individual rights & liberties • Belief in what was modern, enlightened, efficient, reasonable, & fair • Self-government, self-control • Valued parliamentary/representative gov’t • Freedom of press & right to assemble • Constitutional monarchy

  12. Classical Liberalism • NOT democrats! • Opposed giving every man the vote (until later in the 19th c.) • Generally opposed female suffrage • John Stuart Mill

  13. Classical Liberalism • Economic views: • Laissez-faire (distrust of gov’t regulation) • Against guilds/unions • Favored freedom of int’l trade • Disliked: • Church • Aristocracy • War, conquerors, military, revolution

  14. Radicalism • Origins: • England, 1820s • WHO? “Philosophical Radicals” • Unrepresented in parliament • Industrial capitalists • Working-class leaders

  15. Radicalism • Based ideas for institutions on traits of human nature & psychology • “Radical” from Latin word for “root” • Wanted to completely reconstruct laws, courts, prisons, poor relief, municipal organization, & clergy • Demanded reform of Parliament

  16. Radicalism • Detested: • Church of England • Royalty • Democratic: • Demanded a vote for every adult Englishman

  17. Republicanism • Radicalism on the continent = militant republicanism • Minority groups in France, Italy, & Germany • WHO? Drawn from intelligentsia • Students/writers • Working-class leaders • Elderly veterans • Police repression  secret societies

  18. French Republicanism • Viewed Reign of Terror as years of hope and progress • Favored: • Further revolutionary upheaval • Political equality (universal male suffrage) • Parliamentary gov’t

  19. French Republicanism • Opposed: • Catholic Church (enemy of reason & liberty) • Monarchy of any kind (even constitutional monarchy) • Aristocracy • Heirs of the French Revolution!

  20. Socialism • Shared political views of republicanism • Economic views: • Current system unjust • Improper for wealthy to have so much economic power (give/deny work, set wages/hours, private profit) • Questioned value of private enterprise

  21. Socialism • Favored: • Communal ownership of productive assets (banks, factories, machines, land, & transportation) • Harmony, cooperation, association • Fairer/more equal distribution of income • Rejected: • Laissez-faire • Competition-based economic system

  22. British Socialism • Robert Owen (1771-1858) • Cotton lord from Manchester • Created model community for employees • Paid higher wages, reduced hours • Build schools, housing, & community stores

  23. French Socialism • Count de Saint-Simon (1760-1825) • Fought in war of American Independence • Supported French Revolution • Followers called “Saint-Simonians” • Planned society • Public ownership of industrial equipment & capital • Captains of industry & social engineers

  24. French Socialism • Charles Fourier (1772-1837) • Society organized into small units of 1,620 ppl • Work suited to natural inclinations • No successful units created in France

  25. French Socialism • Revolutionary republicanism + socialism • Louis Blanc, Parisian journalist & spokesperson for working-class socialists • Organization of Work (1839) • Social workshops • State-supported manufacturing centers • Workers labor by and for themselves

  26. Feminism • Origins: • Term “feminist” used in France, 1830s • Inspired by Enlightenment ideas & writers • Developed more rapidly in England & America • Aims: • Expand rights of women (public & private life) • “Rights of man” existed also for women • Secure voting & civil rights for women • “Egalitarian” feminism

  27. English Feminism • “Philosophical Radicals” & followers of Owen • Harriet Taylor & John Stuart Mill: The Subjugation of Women (1869) • Women inherently equal to men & entitled to same rights • Society will benefit from increased participation of women in public life • Translated & published around Europe

  28. American Feminism • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Seneca Falls, New York 1848

  29. French Feminism • “Saint-Simonians” & followers of Fourier • Inspired by Germaine de Staël • Many moved away from egalitarian feminism • Motherhood & educating rising generation • Schools specifically for girls • Access to higher education

  30. Nationalism • Britain, France, Spain = national unity already existed • Italy, Germany, Poland, Austrian & Turkish Empires = politically divided or subject to foreign rule • Looked to success of Britain, France, Spain as motivator for unification • Movement led by intellectuals • Revolutionary

  31. Nationalism: Western Europe • Volksgeist= “national spirit” • Cultural nationalism • Shared language, history, worldview, culture • Needed preservation • Political nationalism • Sovereign state to protect national culture, liberty & justice for individuals • Those governing should be same nationality as those governed

  32. Nationalism: Western Europe • Highly persecuted  secret societies & masonic lodges • Circulated literature & maintained revolutionary excitement • Feared by conservatives • Not really dangerous to gov’ts

  33. Nationalism: Italy • Joseph Mazzini (1805-1872) • Founded society “Young Italy” • Advocated for unification of Italy • Organized, conspired, wrote • Exiled to France, England • The Duties of Man • Man’s responsibility to nation lies between duty to family and God

  34. Nationalism: Germany • Grimm brothers • Grimm’s Fairy Tales (1812) • Hoped to find ancient, indigenous, native “spirit” of Germany

  35. Nationalism: Germany • Hegel (1770-1831) • “State” = embodiment of reason & liberty • Historian, studied change over time • Hegelian dialectic • Process of endless change • Thesis  antithesis  synthesis • Disunity of Germany  complete unit of Germany  perfect German state

  36. Nationalism: Eastern Europe • More cultural than political • Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Romanians, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Poles, Magyars • Native language = peasant language • Upper classes looked to Paris or Vienna for ideas • Early 19th c. demanded preservation of culture • Studied languages, collected folktales, wrote books in mother tongue, etc.

  37. Nationalism: Eastern Europe • Slavic Revival • Early-mid 19th c. • Slavs = Russians, Poles, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Ruthenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Bulgars • Publishing works & lecturing at university in native language, revival of native history

  38. Nationalism: Russia • Slower to develop a national sense • Western/European orientation prevailed • 1825 “Slavophilism” spreading

  39. Conservatism • Remained strong throughout Continental Europe • Supported: Absolute monarchy, aristocracy, church • Opposed: liberals (constitutional/representative gov’t) • Monarchism = conservative & reactionary (no more Enlightened despots!) • Maintain “the throne and the altar”

  40. Humanitarianism • Concern about the cruelty inflicted upon others • General decrease in: • Overwork • Torture • Unjust confinement • Separation of families • General improvement of living/working conditions

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