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1. Chapter 4 Kyle Svendsen, Lauren Cassell, Kristina Stodder, Jorge Bouras, Gunsoo Kim, Clayton Chamberlain, Monica Farinelli, Monnie Vejar, CJ Dimry
2. The Artist
3. Chapter 4 Summary In the beginning of the chapter, Stephen begins to transform his life into one of strict religious acts such as praying every morning, carrying rosary beads in his pocket while he walks, and attending mass. But still Stephen doesn't know if he is truly believing, or if he is just praying as a reaction to Father Arnall's sermons about hell. Later, the director of the school notices Stephen's religious discipline and meets with him on potentially becoming a priest. At first Stephen can picture himself becoming a young silent mannered priest listening to people in the confessional, but then on his way home, he sees the statue of the Virgin Mary and it seems faded to him and he realizes that he could not be a priest. When he gets home, he learns that he has to move again due to his father's debts. Afterwards, Stephen walks to the sea, waiting on the decision of his admittance to the university. He sees his classmates swimming and saying his name in Greek. Stephen then realizes that it is a prophecy, and that he will rise up above all of the "imprisonment" just like Daedalus built wings and flew away from his imprisonment. Stephen then makes eye contact with a girl and describes her as an angel of mortal youth and beauty, he later falls asleep on the beach and awakes in the evening.
4. Stephen's Practices of Self-Mortification and Imprisonment At this point Stephen is feverishly attempting to clear his record and begin a new standard of living. He forcefully drives his mind through an increase in devotion and suffrage both of which he believes will rectify his previous actions and further prevent him from sinful action. He brings forth a rigorous discipline on each and every one of his five senses inorder to mortify and undo his sinful past.
-Sight- "He made it his rule to walk in the street with downcast eyes...His eyes shunned every encounter with the eyes of women."
-Sound- "Neither sang nor whistled and made no attempt to flee from noises which caused him painful nervous irritation such as the sharpening of knives..."
7. Stephen's Attempts to Intellectualize Religion to His Benefit or Detriment
In the beginning of this chapter, Stephen's thought process proves that he believes he is loved by God and that he is a significant figure in the world.
"God had loved his soul from all eternity, for all ages before he had been born into the world, for ages before the world itself existed."
This love from God to Stephen is portrayed strongly in the sense that it makes Stephen feel worthy and makes his "soul enriched with spiritual knowledge."
Then, later on in this chapter, Stephen is awarded by the Priest with him saying " Such a boy is marked off from his companion by his piety, by the good example he shows to others." This line reinforces to Stephen's confidence that the church really wants him as an honorable figure instead of leaving for the college he is going to go to. To show his honor of this compliment he feels that "it is the greatest honour the the Almighty God can bestow upon a man."
8. Stephen's Attempts to Intellectualize Religion to His Benefit or Detriment Stephen's faith has been questioned to only be because he wants to escape from hell. His confessions have always been thought to be to become a true priest until Stephen said, "Perhaps that first hasty confession wrung from him by the fear of hell had not been good? Perhaps, concerned only for his imminent doom, he had not had sincere sorrow for his sin?" This line has Stephen questioning to himself why he really did his confession and if it was only to clear himself from the hell list.
His faith is also judged when he believes that his purity symbolically makes him soar through the air. It was said that, " His soul was soaring in an air beyond the world and the body he knew was purified in a breath and delivered of incertitude and made radiant and commingled with the element of the spirit." This is showing that Stephen's common image of pure and holy would be the angel who flies through the skies with pure breath.
9. The Director's Tone and Stephens Perception of the Meeting
Stephen percieves the meeting as an inquiry to how he reacts to women. Stephen believes the priest is probing Stephen and how he reacts to the topic of women. The mention of the women's undergarments would make most young men uncomfortable but it especially throws Stephen off guard coming from a man like the Director with his position of relative power.
"The phrase had been spoken lightly with design and he felt that his face was being searched by the eyes in the shadow" (135)
10. The Director's Tone and Stephens Perception of the Meeting (continued) The directors tone throughout the meeting was pridefull mostly of the role of priests in society. He questioned Stephen in the form of suggesting he would make a decent priest. He is seeing how seriously Stephen takes the suggestion to gauge his interest and commitment to the Catholic church. The Director talks up the prestige and power the priests have. (The Director is a priest himself)
"No king or emporer on this earth has the power of a priest of God. No Angel or Archangel in heaven, no saint, or even the Blessed Virgin Mary herself has the power of a priest of God: the power of the keys, the power to bind and loose from sin, the power of exorcism, the power to cast out from the creatures of God the evil spirits that have power over them, the power, the authority, to make the Great God of Heaven come down upon the alter and take the form of bread and wine. What an awful power Stephen."
11. Religious Imagery During the Meeting The "tiny flame" keeps "kindl[ing]" and "flutter[ing]" under Stephen's cheeks.
The flames represent hell and the "kindling" and "fluttering" shows Stephen's thought about hell.
The flames keep "kindling" because he keeps thinking about hell. Every time it "kindles," Stephen is unconsciously thinking about it. Every time it "sinks down," Stephen is not.
Because the flames are "kindling" on his cheeks, Stephen can't see them. Thus, his thoughts are unconscious.
Stephen still fears hell and to the Director, it is evident. He can see it on Stephen's cheeks.
12. Religious Imagery During the Meeting The image of heaven is the typical image most people have.
The Director mentions the "power of the keys." This instills a picture of a gate that stands in front of heaven. The "key" is what opens it.
Heaven lies above us, and so God has to "come down" to reach us.
God acts directly to us.
Some boys "god calls to the religious life."
"To receive that call... is the greatest honour that the Almighty God can bestow upon a man." It's as if it's a gift from God.
"Almighty God may reveal to you His holy will."
"God may enlighten your mind."
13. Religious Imagery During the Meeting "Religious life" and "spiritual life" are described in a way that separates them from secular life
"There is one boy or perhaps two or three boys whom God calls to the religious life."
"[The director] gave his hand as if already to a companion in the spiritual life." The Director gives off a dark mood.
"His back [is] to the light."
"The long summer daylight" wanes as Stephen talks to him.
"The priest's face was in total shadow."
"The waning daylight from behind him touched the deeply grooved temples and the curves of the skull.
The priest has a "shadowed face."
14. Water – Water is a symbol of washing away the church. The girl bathing in the water is seen as a secular Virgin Mary which represents ascending to heaven, without the church.
Disorder – Stephen’s name symbolizes disorder. His first name, “Stephen,” refers to St. Stephen, the first Christian martyr. His last name, “Daedalus,” refers to a pagan character in a Greek myth.
Bridge – Stephen is looking for the bridge from Earth to Heaven. He also crosses a bridge from being sinful, to pious, and then crosses back. Lastly, crosses a bridge from his first name to his last in his loss of interest in the church.
15. Symbols: Water, Bridge, Disorder, Bird Imagery, Daedalus & Icarus Bird Imagery – Stephen describes Daedalus as, "a hawk-like man flying sunward above the sea"(174). Stephen wishes to "soar" above the imperections in his life just as Daedalus soared to freedom.
Daedalus and Icarus – Daedalus’ accomplishment of building wings and flying to freedom is exactly what Stephen dreams to do. Stephen wants to free himself of his sins and works on building a new soul. He also wishes to escape a life of poverty and sorrow.
16. Stephen's Vision of the Girl Stephen previously looked up to Mary but seems to reject her influence on him now. The beautiful girl bathing in the stream replaces her. The girl has angelic qualities but remains human. She symbolizes the life that Stephen finds ideal. Bird Imagery
The girl bathing is “a strange and beautiful seabird” with legs “delicate as a crane’s” and drawers like “feathering of soft white down.”
The repeated reference to the girl being birdlike shows that she represents a free life, capable of flight, like Stephen’s yearn to be free from the church.
The girl also has “an emerald trail of seaweed” that “fashioned itself as a sign upon the flesh.” The green seaweed represents Ireland, showing that the girl and Stephen support Ireland to some degree.
Stephen supports his country but will use flight to adventure to escape his religious life and explore the world.
17. Stephen's Vision of the Girl Purity and Angelic Qualities
Stephen describes the girl's thighs to be "soft-hued" as "ivory" and her clothes are also white. This shows the girl's purity.
Although his description of her beauty and purity makes her sound angelic, he also includes that she is “girlish, and touched with the wonder of mortal beauty.” Angels are a religious image. Stephen made it clear that she has angelic qualities but is not an angel in the religious sense; she is still a human.
In this epiphany, Stephen finds a balance in his beliefs. Although the girl is not a Christian religious figure, she has become the “worship of his eyes.” He has found something to believe in other than the Catholic Church. This balanced belief system fills him with “profane joy.” He’s finally found what makes him happy.
18. References to Stephen's Maturation from Child to Adult In the beginning of the novel Joyce illustrates Stephen's naive thoughts and feelings with short and simple sentences.
"The Vances lived in number seven. They had a different father and mother. They were Eileen's father and mother. When they were grown up he was going to marry Eileen," (20).
Joyce continues to gradually change his prose along with Stephen and his maturity. By Chapter 4 it is clear that Stephen has matured into a young man through Joyce's shift in prose. His sentences become more and more complex, and often confusing, showing that Stephen's thoughts are becoming more intellectual.
"The world for all its solid substance and complexity no longer existed for his soul save as a theorem of divine power and love and universality," (155).
The difference of writing style from the first and second quote are very noticeable. Stephen's thoughts have matured and grown into more than just observations and simple statements.
19. References to Stephen's Maturation from Child to Adult Stephen's path from child to adult is also shown through his thoughts of the myth of Daedalus and Icarus. He envisions himself in this myth and is absorbed in the idea of breaking free to freedom from his troubles.
"...a prophecy of the end he had been born to serve and had been following through the mists of childhood and boyhood, a symbol of the artist forging anew in his workshop out of the sluggish matter of the earth a new soaring impalpable imperishable being?" (174).
Stephen uses this vision to follow his maturation from a boy to the next phase of his life in adulthood. He feels like he has a sense of hope and purpose now that he has broken "free" in this vision.
20. References to Stephen's Maturation from Child to Adult The last paragraph of this chapter closes with the end of the day. Stephen had fallen asleep after his thoughts of Daedalus and Icarus and seeing the girl, and woke up after the sun had set.
"Evening had fallen. A rim of young moon cleft the pale waste of sky like the rim of a silver hoop embedded in grey sand..." (177).
The evening is a symbol of the sun setting on Stephen's last phase of boyhood, soon to be fully immersed into adulthood.
21. Chiasmic Symmetry Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures
Chiasmus was popular in both Greek and Latin literature and is also used in Shakespeare and the Bible
For Example:
ABBA is a chiastic structure
or
“It will calm my heart. My heart is quite calm now.” (95)
Chiastic structure is used to emphasize, parallell, or contrasting ideas
22. Chiasmic Symmetry
23. Chiasmus In Portrait Chapters two and four both end with Stephen being seduced by a girl:
Chapter two: Stephen gives into his desires and sins with a prostitute
Chapter four: Stephen is entranced by an angelic girl who is described as an ocean bird
Joyce uses the chiastic structure in order to emphasize how Stephen has changed throughout the novel.The contrasting female characters enhance Stephen's transformation from guilt and confusion in the first half of the book, to his epiphany and ability to make sence of his purpose in the world in the second half.
24. Chapter 4 Quiz Time! Who talks to Stephen about becoming a priest?
What is chiasmic symmetry?
What does Stephen do to mortify his Sight?
Was Stephen satisfied with the results of his self-mortification?
What was one way the director gave off a dark mood? 6. What is Stephen's epiphany when he sees the girl in the water?
7. Why is the myth of Daedalus and Icarus important to Stephen?
8. How does Joyce show Stephen's maturation through prose?
9. What imagery does Joyce use to portray Stephen's vision of the girl in the water?
10. What does the flame on Stephen's cheek represent? SWAGGGGGSWAGGGGG
25. Thanks for watching the show
