TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 1. Tsar on October 20, 1894: Nicholas Romanov II ‘the Little Father’

1. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 1. Tsar on October 20, 1894: Nicholas Romanov II ‘the Little Father’ 2. Similarities between Russia in 1900 and France in 1789: 3. Profile on page 99. Poor selection for Tsar: Regularly rejected reform requests An ineffective ruler – couldn’t concentrate on the business of being Tsar. Did not understand the changes Russia was experiencing. 4. What groups made up the social structure in Russia by 1900? Tsar and Royal family, Church, Army, Aristocracy, Middle Class, Working Class and Peasants in the Countryside

2. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 5. White book - reasons why Russia was difficult to govern in 1900. It was a vast empire spanning two continents (4,000 X 2,000). Communication and Transportation was difficult and limited. Few paved roads – turning to mud after rain and snow. Travel by road was slow and often impassable. Relied heavily on river transport (Volga) but restricted in winter. Trans-Siberian railway (1904) but it took a week to travel to Pacific coast. Russia had only as many miles of track as Britain in 1900 (100 X) Had a range of landscapes – tundra, impenetrable forests and deserts. Limited farming land The diverse population – less than half of the 130 million people were Russian and the other national groups resented Russian control (‘Russification’). Most were illiterate. Governing the empire – civil servants were used to carry out orders, so things were done slowly (with bribery and corruption common). N T E W Y E A I

3. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 5. Reasons why Russia was difficult to govern: In 1905 Russia was a vast but backward country. Its industry was under-developed. Its people were poor and uneducated. It was ruled by a Tsar who had complete power. Over the next 40 years it was transformed into a modern superpower.

4. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 Was the Tsar able to effectively govern Russia by 1905? KD: 1. ‘Russification’ – policy practiced by Tsar Nicholas II making non-Russians of the empire more Russian. It included speaking Russian, wearing Russian clothes and following Russian customs. Also rewarded jobs to Russians over others. 2. Identify the following: Illiterate – unable to read or write Cossacks– fierce and savage warriors who were loyal supporters of the Tsar. They served in the army in return for land. Serfs – an ‘unfree’ person who was bound to the land he worked on and owned by his master. Serfs were freed in 1861 and allocated a share of land (but were crushed by debt from government loans). Autocrat– a ruler with complete and absolute power Okhrana– The secret police for the Tsar that used its spies and agents to punish opposition and anyone that criticised the government.

5. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 Was the Tsar able to effectively govern Russia by 1905? KD: 2. Identify the following: Dissidents– people who disagree with the government, and who are then often jailed or exiled Orthodox Church– a branch of Christianity that was very important to Russia. It supported the Tsar’s claim as a divine (from God) leader. Startsy– Holy men that were held in special regard (elders) Pogroms– attacks, often encouraged by Tsar Nicholas II against Jews.

6. KEY QUESTIONS: 1. Life like for peasants: DIFFICULT Existence Food was rye bread, porridge and cabbage soup Fish was common but meat was rare. Life expectancy - under 40, disease, poverty, squalor and drunkenness. Problem with land – freed from serfdom in 1861 but government loans led to crushing debt. 50% population increase by 1900 led to even more competition for limited lands. Coarse woolen shirts and some wore sandals made of tree bark. 2. Life for the nobility: Rich and Enjoyable Some were extremely rich and owned country estates. Enjoyed the finer life – ballet, theatre and social events (parties) 3. Life for the middle class: Very comfortable with opportunities Made up of bankers, merchants and rich capitalists who owned industries. Concentrated in Moscow and St. Petersburg Given government loans and contracts Lived very busy social lives (restaurants, bars, ballet and concerts)

7. KEY QUESTIONS: 4. Life for workers: Struggled to survive in terrible and dangerous conditions City workers lived in cheap wooden lodging houses or large tenament buildings. They ate cheap black bread, cabbage soup and buckwater porridge … and drank vodka. Industrial workers (away from cities) lived in barracks next to the factory. Some lived in dormitories with 30 other workers or several families shared small rooms. Nothing was hidden (illness, arguments, sex). Beds were often shared by workers in 12 hour shifts. 5. What difficulties are identified in source 10 on page 9? Are there similarities in source 11? Discuss. 10 - Miserable wages, overcrowded, long hours, ragged clothing, poor diet (emancipated) Both 10 and 11 describe terrible conditions for workers.

8. KEY QUESTIONS: 6. Tsar Nicholas II controls the Russian Empire: Autocrat and Divine Ruler – who could do what he likes without consulting anyone. Had a Council of Ministers – who ran government departments Thousands of Civil Servants – carried out the orders passed down to them (a slow and corrupt system). Censored newspaper and books. Opposition was not tolerated. The Okhrana (secret police) – dealt harshly with anyone who criticised the government (dissidents). Cossacks were used to suppress strikes, protests or demonstrations and restore order. The Orthodox Church – linked closely with the Tsar and taught that he was God’s chosen representative on earth. (this image was later shattered) 7. Study source 2 on page 10. What is the author saying about Russia? Discuss. Leo Tolstoy 1902 – He is saying that the people are essentially prisoners in Russia.

9. KEY QUESTIONS: 8. Role Tsarina Alexandra played for Nicholas: She was religious and saw it her duty to support Nicholas. She demanded that Nicholas spend time with the family. She felt Nicholas should NOT share power ‘given to him by God’ so that it could be passed on to their son, Alexis. 9. Read sources 2 – 9 on pages 13 and 14. Answer question #4 on page 14 (write your own opinion of Nicholas II). Use the sources to support your views. It’s likely that he was unsuited and unprepared for a nearly impossible job.

10. 3. Main groups that opposed Nicholas. p. 15 - 17

11. TOPIC: Russia – Intro to 1905 and Opposition Organised to Nicholas OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. PLENARY ACTIVITY: Discuss the topic – Opposition to Nicholas. Compare and contrast opposition groups. EXAM PRACTICE / PPQ: 74. Describe the main features of Tsarist rule over Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. (5) (How did Nicholas II control Russia) Russia - Land Of The Tsars 18 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-x4VcmHfxU 19 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W1b6j8U46k

12. TOPIC: Russia – Intro to 1905 and Opposition Organised to Nicholas OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. EXAM PRACTICE / PPQ: 74. Describe the main features of Tsarist rule over Russia at the beginning of the 20thcentury. (5) It was ruled by a Tsar (Emperor). He had total power and was autocratic. Russia had no parliament or elections and so the Tsar had total power. This power was supported by the Church (Russian Orthodox) and the wealthy landowning class. The Tsar was Nicholas II was hard working but weak and indecisive. There was the problem of ruling a vast empire. Local government was in the hands of people appointed by the Tsar - Ministers and civil servants. Racism against Jews and non-Russians within the empire was common and encouraged. Class divisions were also played a distinctive part in control the people - who were NOT united. Censorship of newspapers and books. Nicholas was unable to deal with the necessary changes needed, so he relied heavily on the support of fierce Cossacks on horseback whose loyalty was secured by valuable land grants, and by the Okhrana, his secret police and spies. Opposition was outlawed and dissidents exiled.

13. DATE:October 29, 2013 TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 Opposition and Russo-Japanese War OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. WARM UP: 1. What influences led Lenin into a revolutionary? p. 16 2. How did Lenin spend the years from 1900 to 1917? p. 16 3. What influenced Leon Trotsky into being a revolutionary? Why was he called ‘the Pen’? p. 16 KD: 1. Look at the speech clouds on page 17. Make a list of the complaints and try to identify who would make such complaints. 2. Read page 18. What did the government focus on improving in the early 1900s? What were the effects? 3. Read page 18 and source 1. Why did war break out with Japan in February 1904 (Russo-Japanese War)? What effects did the war have?

14. WARM UP: 1. What influences led Lenin into a revolutionary? p. 16 Execution of his revolutionary brother (assassinated Alex II) Injustice of Tsarism Involved in Marxism, writing pamphlets and supporting strikes (expelled from university) Arrested and exiled to Siberia 2. How did Lenin spend the years from 1900 to 1917? p. 16 Moved to London and edited newspaper, Iskra (the Spark) and developed ideas about revolution Developed ideas with Bolsheviks to seize power in the name of workers (small, secret and disciplined party) 3. What influenced Leon Trotsky into being a revolutionary? Why was he called ‘the Pen’? p. 16 Angered at the mistreatment of Jews He was a good writer.

15. Student Doctor Rail Jewish teacher Factory worker Peasant farmer TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 - Opposition and War - 1905 1. Speech clouds on page 17 - Complaints: Railwayman Peasant farmer Student Doctor Jewish teacher Factory worker Government is evil - use terrorism People have no say - need a parliament Capitalists are greedy - offer low wages, yet live in lovely houses People should have equal rights and free speech Workers suffer - need to cooperate and share rewards Land should be distributed to those who work on it 2. Government focuses on improving / Effects: Improving Russia’s industries - hoped to invest into industrial development and then everybody would benefit. Peasants had to pay higher taxes and workers’ wages were kept low. Industry grew - but slump led to loss of jobs, demonstrations and strikes. Poor harvests (1900 and 1902) - violence toward landlords. Relaxed censorship and government run trade unions in 1903 led to an explosion of anti-government propaganda and strikes.

16. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 - Opposition and War - 1905 OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. 3. War breaks out with Japan in 1904 / Effects: Both Russia and Japan wanted to control land in Manchuria (resources) and Russia needed the ice-free, Port Arthur (Vladivostok). The Tsar hoped to unite the country in 1904 and launched a short war in September against Japan. It backfired and Russia (a massive country) suffered a series of humiliating defeats from Japan (a small country). The war made conditions in Russia worse - Prices rose in cities Shortages of food and other goods Factories closed and workers found themselves unemployed and hungry. By 1905 the war was going terribly bad for Russia - protests about the incompetence of the Tsar.

17. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 Opposition and Russo-Japanese War OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. AFL: Predictions for what will cause the 1905 revolution. HW: Read page 19. a) What were the workers asking the Tsar for in their petition? QTS b) What does the petition tell you about the attitudes of the people towards the Tsar? QTS

18. DATE:October 31, 2013 TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 - Revolution REVIEW: War breaks out with Japan in 1904 / Effects: OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. KD: 1. On January 22, 1905 some 200,000 people marched towards the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. The Tsar was not there but protestors were met by a regiment (3 - 5,000) of soldiers and mounted Cossacks. 2. Read page 19. a) What were the workers asking the Tsar for in their petition? QTS b) What does the petition tell you about the attitudes of the people towards the Tsar? QTS 3. Read page 20. How were the protestors treated? QTS 4. Read source 15 (Walsh, p. 105) on the next slide. What do you think of Tsar Nicholas’ reaction?

19. Read source 15 (Walsh, p. 105) on the next slide. What do you think of T.N.’s reaction? SOURCE 15 - Walsh Book A clear, frosty day. There was much activity and many reports. Fredericks came to lunch. Went for a long walk. Since yesterday all the factories and workshops in St Petersburg have been on strike. Troops have been brought in to strengthen the garrison. The workers have conducted themselves calmly hitherto. At the head of the workers is some socialist priest: Gapon. Sunday 22 January A painful day. There have been serious disorders in St Petersburg because workmen wanted to come up to the Winter Palace. Troops had to open fire in several places in the city; there were many killed and wounded. God, how painful and sad! Mama arrived from town, straight to church. I lunched with all the others. Went for a walk with Misha. Mama stayed overnight. From the Tsar’s diary, recording the events of Bloody Sunday.

20. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 - Revolution 1. January 22, 1905 some 200,000 people marched. 2. a) Workers asking for / petition: QTS b) Petition / Attitudes of the people towards the Tsar: QTS 3. Page 20. Protestors treated: QTS 4. Tsar Nicholas’ reaction:

21. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – Intro to 1905 - Revolution OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. AFL / HW: 1. What were the consequences of ‘Bloody Sunday’? p. 21 QTS Nicholas lost the affection of his people and will never be safe. Work stopped everywhere in St. Petersburg - railways, factories, shops, all schools, offices, telegraph offices The ‘whole’ population demonstrated Stores ransacked Barricades set up in streets.

22. DATE:November 3, 2013 TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution REVIEW: 2. Workers petition: 3. How were the protestors treated? p. 20 QTS 4. Tsar Nicholas’ reaction: PLENARY ACTIVITY - consequences of ‘Bloody Sunday OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. KD: 1. ’Bloody Sunday’ was a major factor that kicked off the 1905 Revolution. Look at the 6 statements on page 21. Put each statement into one of the three categories of causes (Long Term, Short Term, Immediate) 2. Draw a timeline of month to month events in 1905. Give a brief description for each event. p. 22 - 23

23. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution OBJECTIVES: 1. Explain how the Tsarist regime dealt with the difficulties of ruling Russia up to 1914. 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. PLENARY ACTIVITY: Discuss - one event from 1905 that you think was the most important. HW: 1. PPQ 75. Explain why Nicholas II survived the 1905 Revolution. (7) 2. Read pages 24 - 26. 3. Answer PPQs: 1. Who were the Big Three at Versailles and how did they get along? (5) 2. What were Germany’s main territorial losses under the Treaty of Versailles? (5)

24. IC LTC LTC 1. ’Bloody Sunday’ was a major factor that kicked off the 1905 Revolution. Look at the 6 statements on page 21. Put each statement into one of the three categories of causes (Long Term, Short Term, Immediate) 1. Statements and causes on page 21. CAUSES: Long Term (LTC) Short Term(STC) Immediate(IC) Bloody Sunday started the 1905 Revolution The peasants were very dissatisfied - conditions and land The workers had grievances - wages and hours People blamed the Tsar for the war with Japan - worsened condition in cities Middle class were angry that the Tsar wouldn’t share power Government industrial development policies and poor harvests STC LTC STC

25. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution KD: 2. Draw a timeline of month to month events in 1905. Give a brief description for each event. p. 22 - 23

26. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution KD: 2. Draw a timeline of month to month events in 1905. Give a brief description for each event.

27. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution KD: 2. Draw a timeline of month to month events in 1905. Give a brief description for each event.

28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMGrIwLj7gU&featur e=PlayList&p=D18AE35F28EC2049&index=0&playnext=1 TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution REVIEW: Russia difficult to govern Four main social groups - living conditions Nicholas as Tsar - Opinions too Revolutionary Groups Complaints in Russia and Methods of Protest - 1900, 1902, 1903 Economic Development - results 1904 - “Wag the Dog’ - results 1905 Revolution - Bloody Sunday and the Tsar at war with his own people IMPORTANT PPQs: 74. Describe the main features of Tsarist rule over Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. (5) 80. What were the main political grievances of the Russian people in the early 20th century? (5) 75. Explain why Nicholas II survived the 1905 Revolution. (7) 81. Why was the revolution of 1905 a failure? (7)

29. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution IMPORTANT PPQs: 75. Explain why Nicholas II survived the 1905 Revolution. (7) May 2004. Level 1 General answer 1 e.g. ‘He made concessions.’ ‘He gave the Liberals what they wanted.’ Level 2 Identifies why 2-4 e.g. ‘He issued the October Manifesto.’ ‘The middle classes wanted an end to the revolution.’ ‘He did not allow opposition.’ ‘Russia was ready for change.’ ‘He split his opponents.’ Level 3 Explains why 4-7 e.g. ‘The October Manifesto gave Russian people basic rights such as freedom of speech and the right to form political parties.’ ‘It said an elected parliament would be set up.’ ‘Through force the government re-established order throughout Russia.’ ‘The Tsar promised a constitutional monarchy.’ ‘The Japanese war ended and returning soldiers were used to crush revolutionaries.’

30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mMGrIwLj7gU&featur e=PlayList&p=D18AE35F28EC2049&index=0&playnext=1 TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution IMPORTANT PPQs: 80. What were the main political grievances of the Russian people in the early 20th century? (5) Nicholas was an Autocrat and had total power and control. Many wanted rights and freedoms, especially amongst the middle class liberals. They called for free elections and a parliament (Duma) to voice their opinions and express their will. They called for a constitutional monarchy, designed to force the Tsar to share power. Many wanted civil rights (speech, worship, conscience), especially minorities such as Jews. Because it was a vast empire, there were problems with corruption and slow action in local governments by ministers and civil servants appointed by the Tsar. People demanded more say in local affairs. The people complained that they were victims and the ‘Little father’ did nothing to help them. The Tsar used Cossacks and Okhrana to keep control, and their methods were violent. Opposition was outlawed and dissidents were exiled.

31. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution IMPORTANT PPQs: 81. Why was the revolution of 1905 a failure? (7) Also refer to PPQ #75. The revolution of 1905 seemed to be on the verge of total success but the Tsar took clever action late in the year to avoid losing power. Describe some of the events of the revolution: Bloody Sunday, strikes in many cities by workers demanding an 8 hr day, better wages and conditions, humiliating defeats by the Japanese, groups demanding changes and rights, peasants rioting in the countryside and seizing land, sailors on the Potemkin, general strikes spread across cities and opposition groups uniting to cut off control of cities. Ultimately the revolution failed because the Tsar: Ended the war with Japan in September 1905, eliminating the complaints about war. He signed the October Manifesto - giving the impression that democratic government had been achieved because he offered a parliament (Duma) elected by the people, civil rights (freedom of speech and conscience), uncensored newspapers and the right to form political parties. This divided his opponents and bought him time for his next move. Finally, the Tsar brought back all of his soldiers from the war with Japan, paid them in full and ordered them to crush all protests, especially in St. Petersburg and Moscow. Ultimately Nicholas did not allow opposition. Russia was ready for change but he split his opponents. The October Manifesto gave Russian people basic rights and defused the tension across Russia. Through force and loyal soldiers the government re-established order throughout Russia.

32. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 Revolution PPQ 75. Explain why Nicholas II survived the 1905 Revolution. (7) He survived for many reasons, namely through diplomacy, playing politics, dividing his opponents and using force. He ended the war with Japan in September 1905 - which allowed Nicholas to bring back his soldiers and transfer them to troubled areas and crush revolutionaries. He secured a loan from France and paid his soldiers in full, keeping them loyal. He made concessions - he gave into the Liberals who got what they wanted. He issued the October Manifesto on the 30th which Promised: A Parliament (Duma) elected by the people was set up, making Russia a Constitutional Monarchy Civil Rights - freedom of speech and conscience Uncensored newspapers and the right to form political parties The middle class and liberals were pleased because they were granted rights and wanted an end to the revolution - they now supported the government of Nicholas II. The October Manifesto gave Russian people basic rights and defused the tension across Russia. Ultimately Nicholas did not allow opposition. Russia was ready for change but he split his opponents. Once the middle classes were satisfied he sent in his troops to break up the St. Petersburg Soviet and the crush an armed uprising in Moscow and other troubled areas. Troops were sent out to take revenge on workers and peasants who had rioted. Through force and loyal soldiers, the government re-established order throughout Russia - loyalty of the military would ultimately dictate the authority of Nicholas.

33. DATE:November 5, 2013 TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 to 1914 OBJECTIVES: 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. 3. Evaluate how far the Tsar was weakened by the First World War. REVIEW: 1. PPQ 75. Explain why Nicholas II survived the 1905 Revolution. (7) 3. Answer PPQs: 1. Who were the Big Three at Versailles and how did they get along? (5) 2. What were Germany’s main territorial losses under the Treaty of Versailles? (5)

34. TOPIC: In Depth Study - Russia – 1905 to 1914 OBJECTIVES: 2. Describe how the Tsar survived the 1905 revolution. 3. Evaluate how far the Tsar was weakened by the First World War. KD: 1. How did the Tsar bring back order and control after the 1905 Revolution? p. 24 2. What limitations were placed on the first Duma (parliament) in April 1906? p. 24 3. What demands did the first two Dumas make (1906 and 1907)? 4. Read sources 2 and 3 on page 25. What challenges did the Duma face? Read source 18 (Walsh, p. 106) on the next slide. Any similarities? 5. Let’s understand the importance of newly appointed Prime Minister Peter Stolypin: What was the Carrot (incentive)and Stick(severely punished - ‘Stolypin’s Necktie’) policy? Use Walsh, p. 106 6. Identify these changes in the countryside: Buy up strips, ‘Peasants’ Banks, KULAKS, Production levels, Consequences

35. SOURCE 18 - p. 106, Walsh Book The two hostile sides stood confronting each other. The old and grey court dignitaries, keepers of etiquette and tradition, looked across in a haughty manner, though not without fear and confusion, at ‘the people of the street’, whom the revolution had swept into the palace, and quietly whispered to one another. The other side looked across at them with no less disdain or contempt. The court side of the hall resounded with orchestrated cheers as the Tsar approached the throne. But the Duma deputies remained completely silent. It was a natural expression of our feelings towards the monarch, who in the twelve years of his reign had managed to destroy all the prestige of his predecessors. The feeling was mutual: not once did the Tsar glance towards the Duma side of the hall. Sitting on the throne he delivered a short, perfunctory speech in which he promised to uphold the principles of autocracy ‘with unwavering firmness’ and, in a tone of obvious insincerity, greeted the Duma deputies as ‘the best people’ of his Empire. With that he got up to leave. As the royal procession filed out of the hall, tears could be seen on the face of the Tsar’s mother, the Dowager Empress. It had been a ‘terrible ceremony’ she later confided to the Minister of Finance. For several days she had been unable to calm herself from the shock of seeing so many commoners inside the palace. From the memoirs of Duma deputy Obolensky, published in 1925. He is describing the first session of the Duma in April 1906.

36. KD: 1. Tsar brings back order and control after the 1905 Revolution: Peter Stolypin appointed PM - reputation for being tough Set up military courts - sentence and hang on the spot (‘Stolypin neckties’) Okhranawas active - informers, internal passports, register with police outside your home district Newspapers often fined and censored (whited-out) 2. Limitations placed on the first Duma (parliament) in April 1906: The FUNDAMENTAL LAW meant that the Duma could NOT pass laws, appoint ministers, control finance in important areas (defense), elections favoured the nobles (2,000 / 90,000) Tsar could dissolve them at any time 3. Demands the first two Dumas made (1906 and 1907): More power, rights for ordinary people (free to strike, free education) More land given to peasants

37. KD: 4. Sources 2 and 3 on page 25. Challenges the Duma faced: The Tsar never took them seriously - source 2: “… not instruct me.” Stolypin saw it as a joke and didn’t trust it - source 3 “… this man might throw a bomb.” 5. Importance of PM Peter Stolypin: Carrot (incentive) - tried to win over peasants and made land available to prosperous ones, focused on industrial progress and impressive economic growth was realised between 1908 and 1911. Stick(severe punishment) - brutal suppression of opposition, was hard on strikers, protestors and revolutionaries, exiled over 20,000, over 1,000 hanged

38. KD: 6. Identify changes in the countryside: Buy up strips- encouraged ‘best elements’ to buy up strips of land from neighbors. Peasants’ Banks- set up to provide loans to peasants to buy up land KULAKS- rich peasants who owned their own land and animals; they benefited from Stolypin’s land reform policies and were very loyal to the government. Production levels- there were improvements; record harvest of grain production in 1913 (see next slide) Consequences- war in 1914, poorer farmers were forced to sell land (many became wandering labourers and some forced to work in cities) many of the 4 million peasants felt misled by the government suggestion to settle along the Trans-Siberian Railway (but good land was taken up by speculators) many peasants were angry with no where to go

39. SOURCE 17 - p. 106, Walsh Book 1. What does this indicate about agricultural and industrial policies by 1913? 2. Who deserves credit? Agricultural and industrial production,1890–1913.

40. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin PyotrArkadyevich Stolypin(April 1862 – September 1911) served as Nicholas II's Chairman of the Council of Ministers—the Prime Minister of Russia—from 1906 to 1911. His tenure was marked by efforts to repress revolutionary groups, as well as for the institution of noteworthy agrarian reforms (agricultural). Stolypin hoped to create a class of market-oriented smallholding landowners (kulaks). He is often cited as one of the last major statesmen of Imperial Russia with a clearly defined political program and determination to undertake major reforms. While he was attending the Kiev Opera House in the presence of the Tsar and his family, Stolypin was shot twice, once in the arm and once in the chest, by Dmitri Bogrov, who was both a leftist radical and an agent of the Okhrana. Stolypin was reported to have shouted 'I am happy to die for the Tsar' before motioning to the Tsar in his imperial box to withdraw to safety. Tsar Nicholas remained in his position and in one last theatrical gesture Stolypin blessed him with a sign of the cross. The next morning the distressed Tsar knelt at Stolypin's hospital bedside and repeated the words 'Forgive me'. Stolypin died four days after being shot. Bogrov was hanged 10 days after the assassination; the judicial investigation was halted by order of Tsar Nicholas II. This gave rise to suggestions that the assassination was planned not by leftists, but by conservative monarchists who were afraid of Stolypin's reforms and his influence on the Tsar, though this has never been proved. http://www.gameo.org/encyclopedia/i mages/Pyotr-Stolypin-LOC-07327.jpg