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History of Computing in Medicine

History of Computing in Medicine. Beginnings. 1950’s computers in bioengineering Early 1960’s Medline Laboratory instrumentation computers (LINC) MUMPS developed at MGH GEMISCH (generalized medical information system for community health at Duke) (Stead MD)

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History of Computing in Medicine

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  1. History of Computing in Medicine

  2. Beginnings • 1950’s computers in bioengineering • Early 1960’s • Medline • Laboratory instrumentation computers (LINC) • MUMPS developed at MGH • GEMISCH (generalized medical information system for community health at Duke) (Stead MD) • 1975 8080 processor – Altair 8800 • 1976 Apple Computers Hackers: Steven Levy

  3. Beginnings • Initial application: automated patient questionnaire (Slack: ‘55) 1965 • Patient centered computing • Cybermedicine • Center for Clinical Computing • Dr. Slack maintained of Eliza that soliloquy, (with or without a computer) can be a valuable tool of mental health. He wrote: "Contrary to the common notion that soliloquy is a manifestation of mental illness, we believe that it is normal behavior---behavior that serves to help maintain emotional equilibrium."

  4. Eliza • Eliza (MIT 1960’s) initially designed as a spoof vs. attempt to pass the Turing test • Eliza • Quack Eliza

  5. MUMPS • MGH utility multi-programming system (Octo Barnett 1966) • Thou shalt not declare variable types or file sizes. • Thou shalt not KILL, except for globals and variables. • Thou shalt not covet they neighbor's UCI (User Class Identification = computing area). • Remember string handling, for it shall make MUMPS special.

  6. MUMPS • Now known as M • A programming language with extensive tools for the support of database management systems. MUMPS was originally used for medical records and is now widely used where multiple users access the same databases simultaneously, e.g. banks, stock exchanges, travel agencies, hospitals.

  7. MUMPS • Language plus data structure • Designed by MD’s and engineers • Designed for medical environment • Low computing power – data entry >>> computing • Flexible string structure • Inverted tree structure (sparse) • Multi-user environment • Interpreted • More flexible, efficiency not necessary

  8. MUMPS code • f p=2,3:2 s q=1 x "f f=3:2 q:f*f>p!'q s q=p#f" w:q p,?$x\8+1*8 • prints a table of primes, including code to format it neatly into columns

  9. Beginnings • 1977 – Medical Informatics defined • Discipline dealing with the problems associated with information, its acquisition, analysis and dissemination in the health care delivery process • 1978 – DEC transitions from PDP to VAX • 1980 – IBM PC (MS-DOS) • 1982 – medical informatics definition expanded to include care, education and research

  10. Beginnings • 1983 – Shortliffe “medical informatics covers more than just applications of computers to medicine” • 1986 • Macintosh developed • AAMC “medical informatics combines medical science with several disciplines in the information and computer sciences…and provides methodologies by which these can contribute to better patient care”

  11. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine • Clancey, Shortliffe (1984) • Medical artificial intelligence is primarily concerned with the construction of AI programs that perform diagnosis and make therapy recommendations. Unlike medical applications based on other programming methods, such as purely statistical and probabilistic methods, medical AI programs are based on symbolic models of disease entities and their relationship to patient factors and clinical manifestations

  12. Early AIM • Internist/QMR • Designed at University of Pittsburgh • Mycin, Oncocin • Designed at Stanford by Shortliffe’s group

  13. AIM • Internist • Designed to reproduce the behavior of a diagnostician

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