Hydroxide Ion | Its importance in Pharmacy

1. Hydroxides – Derivatives & Usage

2. Introduction – Hydroxide Ion ●The hydroxide ion is a negatively charged molecule made up of one oxygen bonded to one hydrogen. When dissolved in water, the hydroxide ion is an incredibly strong base. ●Because hydroxide has a negative charge, it is often found bonded to positively charged ions in what are known as ionic compounds. www.tatvachintan.com

3. Hydroxide Ion & Ionic Bonding ●Some ionic compounds containing hydroxide dissolve well in water, like the corrosive bases sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. ●Other hydroxide containing ionic compounds are fairly insoluble in water, like bright blue copper (II) hydroxide or the brown iron (II) hydroxide. ●While they may be toxic, these compounds don't pose as much immediate danger as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. www.tatvachintan.com

4. Hydroxide & Akali Metals ●The hydroxides of the alkali metals, lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium, are the strongest bases and the most stable and most soluble of the hydroxides. ●Sodium hydroxide, also known as caustic soda , is of great industrial importance. ●Calcium, barium, and strontium—all alkaline earth metals—form soluble hydroxides that are strong bases but are less stable than the alkali hydroxides. www.tatvachintan.com

5. Hydroxide & Akali Metals ●Of these, calcium hydroxide, commonly known as slaked lime, is the most common. ●The hydroxides of other metals, such as magnesium, iron, bismuth, nickel, cobalt, and copper, are only sparingly soluble in water but neutralize acids. ● Hydroxides and other substances, such as oxides and sulfides, with these dual properties are called amphoteric. www.tatvachintan.com

6. Concerns Related to Hydroxides ●Some of these hydroxides are often used as a cleaning agent, the residue of the chemical in ovens, sinks or other areas may cause skin irritation or skin burns. ●Workers using hydroxide risk facial irritation, nasal irriation, throat irritation, respiratory problems and other problems. ●Employees working in such industries can wear gloves, masks and suitable dress in order to prevent harmful contact with the chemical. ●Children are most susceptible to ill effects of hydroxide. If around children, one must avoid using it or at least keep it in such a place which is not reachable to children. www.tatvachintan.com

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8. Applications of Hydroxides ●Used in processes to make products including plastics, soaps rayon and textiles. ●Revitalizing acids in petroleum refining. ●During two steps of the paper making process. ●Used in relaxers to help straighten hair however this is becoming less popular because of the possibility of chemical burns. ●It is used in condensation reactions and base-catalyzed dehydration reactions.

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