Professor Chalapan Kaluwin Environmental Sciences & Geography

1. “THE CHALLENGES OF INCORPORATING CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) AND REDUCED EMISSIONS THROUGH DEFORESTATION AND FOREST DEGRADATION (REDD) INTO CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA” Professor Chalapan Kaluwin Environmental Sciences & Geography School of Natural & Physical Sciences UNIVERSITY OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA 18th June 2008 AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AUSTRALIA

2. OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION • Introduction • General Policy- Climate Change • Clean Development Mechanism & REDD • A WAY FORWARD

3. STUDY SITES A: INTRODUCTING PNG

5. PNG GHG INVENTORY- 1999 Greenhouse Gas Source/sink categories CO2 CH4 N2O All Energy 3,018.0 X X Industrial Processes 193.0 X X Agriculture 4.27 12.20 Land Use Change & Forestry 413.0 X X Totals 3,624.0 4.27 12.20 PNG Greenhouse gas inventory summary for 1994. All data are presented in gigagrams (Gg).

6. 2. CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY • UNFCCC/KP- 2005 • PACIFIC CLIMATE CHANGE FRAMEWORK-2005 • SETTING UP DNA -2007 • DRAFT CARBON TRADE POLICY-2005 • DRAFT FORESTRY & CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY-2008 • NO PNG CLIMATE CHANGE POLICY

7. A Policy on Climate Change ? Possible Framework: • Implementation of Adaptation Measures • Contributing to Mitigation of GHG Emission • Improving Decision-making & Good Governance • Improve understanding of Climate Change & Variability • Education & Awareness • Partnership & Cooperation

8. C: CHALLENGES OF CDM & REDD • CONSTRAINTS & ISSUES: • CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) • REDUCED EMISSION OF DEFORESTATION & DEGRADATION (REDD).

9. CDM & REDD OPPORTUNITY!Accounts for 20-25% of global GHG emissions

10. PNG FOREST COVER -2002

11. Total Land Area 46 mill ha Total Forest Area 39 mill ha Non- Forest Area 6.0 mill ha Other Areas 1.0 mill ha Estimated total sustainable Forest production volume Current committed cut: = 8.0 mill. M3/annum National Sustainable Cut: = 3.0 mill m3/annum Plus: Est. Vol from Agricultural clearing = 1.5 mill. M3/annum Production Forests 15 mill ha Reserve Forests 24 mill ha Acquired Areas 12 mill ha Available Areas 3 mill ha Under Timber Permit 10 mill ha PNG FOREST RESOURCE BASE

12. 1. CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM (CDM) • Kyoto Protocol – AIMS: 1. Assisting developed countries to achieve their compliance in regard to their quantified emission limits and reduce their commitments under article 3. 2. Assist developing countries in achieving sustainable development and at the same time contributing to the ultimate objective of the Convention • Kyoto Mechanisms • IET – applicable to developed countries • JI/AIJ – applicable to countries in transition • CDM – developing countries • Activities • Reforestation • Afforestation • Agroforestry • Renewable Energy Sources & Efficiency

13. CDM PROJECTS • Two Basic CDM Projects Types: • Energy sector: Lihir Gold Mine: diesel replacement by geothermal energy Formula: Energy use = current fossil energy volume – replacement by renewable energy volume = off-set = CERs • Natural environment sector: focused on GHG absorption and storage (CARBON SINKS) • Pending Projects: • Ramu Sugar’s Afforestation Project (est. CERs: 15.72tC/ha) • Galilolo Community (Bialla) Reforestation Project • Formula: tC (sequestrated/storage) – emitted = CERs

14. Accounting for Soil Organic Carbon under IPCC Guidelines

15. OBJECTIVES FOR PLANTED FORESTS Establishment of forest plantations can be used for any of the following reasons: • SEQUESTRATION & STORAGE OF CARBON • INDUSTRIAL USE • CONSERVATION • ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION, INCLUDING FOR ADAPTATION • ENERGY – BIOMASS AND BIOFUEL • NON TIMBER PRODUCTS

16. INVESTING INTO CDM & REDD?

17. 2. Reduced Emission from Deforestation & Degradation . • What is REDD and its opportunities to land owners of the Papua New Guinea (>90% ) ??

18. 2. DEFORESTATION & DEGRADATION(REDD)Accounts for 20-25% of global GHG emissions

19. Land Cover Types in PNG Region ( 1972-2002) Highlands Region Islands Region Mainland Lowlands

20. DRIVERS OF FOREST CHANGE IN PNG OVER 30 YEARS ( 1972-2002)

21. DRIVERS OF REDD IN PNG TWO MAIN GROUPS FOR REDD IN PNG : a. Anthropogenic sources - Shifting cultivation - Logging - Large-scale commercial Agriculture - Burning - Mining and Petroleum exploration and development - Infrastructure developments - Settlements and urbanization b. Natural sources • Earth quakes • Volcanic eruptions • Land movements • Landslips • Burning • Flooding

22. 3. ISSUES YET TO BE RESOLVED ABOUT REDD DEFINITIONS May be similar to that used currently under both the UNFCCC and KP which was further refined in the Marakesh Accord and these are as follows: • Deforestation– as the long-term or permanent conversion of forested land to non-forested • Degradadtion– where there are emissions from forests caused be a decrease in canopy cover that does not qualify as deforestation. It presents a much broader land cover change than deforestation • Forest land– under the UNFCCC this category includes all land with woody vegetation consistent with thresholds used to define forest land in the UNFCCC process. Such threshold parameters include minimum area, minimum height and minimum level of crown cover.

23. 3. Issues TECHNICAL & METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES: • Additionality: It is believed that by establishing national REDD baseline rates, the additionality of efforts to reduce deforestation can be judged quickly and accurately while underpinned by clear reduction targets. Using these baselines, we can determine, at a national level, whether REDD has in fact been reduced from historical levels. • Leakage: It is believed that by addressing REDD on the national level, leakage will be captured in a manner not possible with project-based accounting. • Permanence: It is suggested that establishment of a carbon banking mechanism that credits early action and debits compliance failures. Further, leveraging the insurance markets to address traditional risks such as fire, flood, etc. • Monitoring: With present satellite technology, remote-sensing technologies may be applied with the necessary accuracy and cost effectiveness.

24. ISSUES –Cont. Baseline ( 1972 OR 1990) Its a future projection of emissions from REDD and serves as a reference for measuring reductions in emissions. Monitoring these will include monitoring and measuring the various pools of carbon in Forests (above and below ground biomass, dead wood, litter and soil). A system for monitoring and reporting emissions from REDD should have the following elements: • Credibility • Transparency • Accuracy with high certainty • Based on good science • Compliance to the requirements of the REDD Policy

25. ISSUES-cont CREDITING OR COMPENSATION ISSUES FOR REDD IN PNG: 1. PNG should Conduct research in analyzing the following: • available data on carbon stocks and land-use change; • identifying and prioritising for action the key drivers of deforestation and degradation; • mechanisms for engaging with carbon markets and for managing REDD payments, as well as opportunities within the current national legislations and policies for actions. 2. PNG Need to examine the key elements of a REDD mechanism, especially the following: • a baseline against which to benchmark reductions in deforestation and degradation; • strategies to reduce emissions and to ensure their permanence; • means of monitoring and verifying emissions reductions, and preventing leakages; • REDD markets/financing; • mechanisms to manage and distribute payments to those bearing the costs of avoided deforestation and degradation, including the resource owners.

26. THE WAY FORWARD • PNG CLIMATE CHANGE & ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OFFICE- June 2008 • A “NO-REGRETS POLICY”: A NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE & VARIABILITY POLICY.

27. The natural forest dynamics studies and climate change THANK YOU