Links from 10.6.14

1. Links from 10.6.14 Female Reproductive System – Menstrual Cycle, External View • http://kidshealth.org/parent/interactive/frs_it.html Male Reproductive System • http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/mrs_it.html

2. Female Sex Organs: • Female gonads are the ovaries • All embryos appear as female at first. Genetic and hormonal signals trigger the development of male organs in those embryos destined to be male. • Sex organs serve a reproductive purpose, but they perform other functions also: giving pleasure, attracting sex partners, and bonding in relationships.

3. Vulva • The external female genitals are known collectively as the vulva. It includes: • Mons pubis • Clitoris • Clitoral Hood (or Prepuce) • Labia Majora • Labia Minora • Urethral Opening • Anus

4. Vulva (cont) • mons pubis is a pad of fatty tissue that covers the area of the pubic bone. • clitoris is the center of sexual arousal in the female. • labia majora (outer lips) are two folds of spongy flesh extending from the mons pubis and enclosing the other external genitals. • labia minora (inner lips) are smooth, hairless folds within the labia majora that meet above the clitoris.

5. http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

7. Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) • aka Female Circumcision • What is it? • Types • Areas where it is practiced • Consequences

8. What is FGM? • “the partial or total removal of the female external genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for cultural or other nontherapeutic reasons.” -WHO • Cultural, religious and social factors • No health benefits • Mostly on girls between infancy and age 15

9. Types of FGM • Type I • excision of the prepuce, with or without excision of part or all of the clitoris • Type II • excision of the clitoris with partial or total excision of the labia minora

10. Types of FGM (cont) • Type III • Aka infibulation; the most extreme • excision of part or all of the external genitalia and stitching/narrowing of the vaginal opening • Type IV • pricking, piercing or incising of the clitoris and/or labia; stretching of the clitoris and/or labia; cauterization by burning of the clitoris and surrounding tissue

11. Consequences • Severe bleeding • Problems urinating • Infections • Infertility • Complications in childbirth • Increased risk of newborn deaths • Need for surgery

12. Where is FGM practiced? • Africa • Asia • Middle East

13. Internal Organs The internal female sexual structures and reproductive organs include: • Vagina • Uterus • Cervix • Ovaries • Fallopian tubes

14. http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

15. The Vagina • A flexible muscular organ, approximately 3-4 inches long (in unaroused state) that has the vaginal opening at one end and the cervix at the other. • Purpose of the vagina: • Menstruation • Childbirth • Intercourse

16. The Vagina (cont) • Introitus or Vaginal Os • The opening of the vagina • Hymen • a thin, perforated membrane, that covers the introitus prior to first intercourse or other intrusion. • a Greek word meaning "virginal membrane" or "thin skin".

17. Cervix • Located between the vagina and the uterus • Cervical Os • Opening to the vagina • Allows menstrual blood to flow out of the uterus into the vagina

18. Uterus • Also known as the womb • A pear-shaped organ located between the bladder and the lower intestine • Consists of three parts • Body of the uterus (about the size of a fist in a non-pregnant female) • Cervix • Fundus • Endometrium • Lining of the uterus • is built up and then shed and expelled through the cervical os (opening) during menstruation.

19. Ovaries • Egg-producing organs • Eggs are the gametes (or reproductive cells) • Hold between 150,000 and 500,000 follicles (sacks) • Found on each side of the uterus

20. Fallopian Tube • Also known as the Uterine Tube • Two leading off each side of the uterus • Site of fertilization

21. Female Sexual Physiology • During puberty hormones trigger the completion of oogenesis, the production of oocytes, commonly called eggs or ova. • Follicles • Sac in which eggs are carried. Found inside the ovaries.

22. Female Sexual Physiology • At birth • 150,000 - 500,000 follicles. • each containing an immature ova (egg) • By beginning of reproductive life • Diminishes to 34,000 follicles • During active childbearing years (ages 13 – 50) • 300 - 400.follicles undergo maturation

23. The Menstrual Cycle • Follicular (Proliferative) phase • Days 1 through 6 • Beginning of menstrual flow to end of blood flow • Days 7 – 13 endometrium thickens • Luteal (Secretory) phase • aka premenstrual phase • Days 15 to 28 • The endometrium thickens to prepare the egg for implantation • These two phases are separated by: • Ovulation • Day 14

24. Ovulation • The process in the menstrual cycle by which a mature ovarian follicle ruptures and releases an ovum (also known as an egg or an oocyte) • The released egg, unless fertilized, only lasts 12 to 24 hours.

25. http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

26. The Menstrual Cycle http://kidshealth.org/teen/interactive/female_it.html

27. Menstrual Cycle • Order of the Menstrual Cycle: • Menstrual → Proliferative → Secretory • The menstrual cycle is divided into 3 phases. 1. Menstruation 2. Proliferative Phase: Endometrial tissue builds up during this phase 3. Secretory Phase: Produces nutrients to sustain an embryo

29. Corpus Luteum • A mound of yellow tissue • Develops as a result of the ruptured follicle • During pregnancy, it serves to produce estrogen and progesterone

31. If fertilization occurs, • Fertilized egg is implanted in the wall of the uterus. Corpus luteum continues to produce progesterone for several months and will remain in ovary until the end of pregnancy. • If fertilization does NOT occur: • Corpus luteum becomes smaller. Progesterone levels drop. Uterine lining sloughs off and menstruation begins.

32. Hormones • Hormones are chemical substances that serve as messengers, traveling through the bloodstream.

33. Hormones • Pituitary Hormones • Luteinizing Hormone (LH) • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) • Ovarian Hormones (aka sex hormones) • Estrogen • Progesterone

34. Reaches uterus about 2-4 days after ovulation Movesslowlytowarduterus Sweptinto fallopian tube Releasedfrom follicle The Path of the Egg • Released from follicle • Swept into fallopian tube • Moves slowly toward uterus • Reaches uterus in about 4 days The egg, unless fertilized, only survives 12-24 hours.

35. PMS • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a group of symptoms related to the menstrual cycle

36. PMS • Physical and emotional disorder • Caused by hormonal changes • Widely recognized as a medical condition • 85% of menstruating women have at least one symptom • 5-10% debilitating symptoms • Symptoms present two weeks before menstruation

37. Remedies:Dietary Recommendations • Low fat • High fiber • 3 meals a day and 3 snacks containing starchy foods • Drink plenty of water • Avoid caffeine • Low salt • High calcium

38. Menstrual Conditions • Two types • Amenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea • Amenorrhea • Primary • failure to start having a period by the age of 16 • Secondary • temporary or permanent ending of periods in a woman who has menstruated normally in the past

39. Menstrual Disorders (Cont) • Dysmenorrhea - Painful menstrual periods (aka cramps) • Primary • no physical abnormality and usually begins within three years after you begin menstruating • Secondary • involves an underlying physical cause, such as endometriosis or uterine fibroids