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Olfactory Perception during Sleep By Karla Absi

Olfactory Perception during Sleep By Karla Absi. I ntroduction. What happens with our senses during sleep? S trong enough stimuli can disrupt our sleep and wake us up.

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Olfactory Perception during Sleep By Karla Absi

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  1. Olfactory Perception during Sleep By Karla Absi

  2. Introduction What happens with our senses during sleep? Strong enough stimuli can disrupt our sleep and wake us up. But how about more subtle stimuli? Are we still able to sense them? Can they have an effect on our sleep? Systematic investigations on sensorial perception during sleep are scarce. Olfaction is practical for study during sleep. Therefore, I decided to look into studies that investigated the effect of smells on sleep.

  3. Articles reviewed • Literature review in Pubmed, Psychinfo, and Google Scholar using the terms “sensory perception” ,“sensory input”, “sleep”, “olfaction”, “smell”, and “chemosensory stimulation” in different combinations. • MarlierL, Gaugler C, Messer J. 2005. Olfactory stimulation prevents apnea in premature newborns. Pediatrics. 115:83–88. • Arzi, A., Sela, L., Green, A., Givaty, G., Dagan, Y., & Sobel, N. 2010. The influence of odorants on respiratory patterns in sleep. Chemical senses, 35(1), 31-40.

  4. Olfactory Stimulation Prevents Apnea in Premature Newborns • Apnea: pauses in breathing or episodes of shallow infrequent breathing. • Apnea of Prematurity– due to undeveloped neurologic and respiratory networks. • Treatments for apnea in premature newborns include: Pharmacologic agents (caffeine and doxapram). • Problems with current treatments: Not fully effective and undesirable side effects (Marlier et al 2005). • Therefore, there is a need for more effective treatments with fewer side effects. • There is evidence that pleasant and unpleasant odorants can alter infants’ respiratory rate. • There is also evidence that odors are more effective altering respiratory rate particularly during active sleep,where apneas are most likely to occur.

  5. Hypothesis • Hypothesis: exposure to an odor will modulate the infant’s respiratory rate reducing the frequency of apneic spells. • Aim: to determine whether exposure to pleasant odors can be useful to premature newborns with apneic spells.

  6. Methods • 14 premature newborns in neonatal ICU with apnea unresponsive to caffeine and doxapram. • 1 day baseline – 1 day exposure – 1 day wash out • 15 vanillin drops placed in the pillow inside the incubator. • Controlled conditions (noise, humidity, airflow, stainless steel walls, etc) • Standard overnight polysomnography and nasal and oral respiration recorders.

  7. Results

  8. Limitations • Patients chosen selectively (only neonates non responsive to caffeineor doxapram) • Only one odorant was used (Vanillin) • Short exposure time (24 hours)

  9. Conclusion • Odorizing incubators with pleasant odors could be a viable adjuvant for the management of apneic spells in premature infants not responding to conventional first treatment options.

  10. The Influence of Odorants in Respiratory Patterns in Sleep • Sleep Apnea –pauses in breathing or shallow or infrequent breathing during sleep. • Treatments for sleep apnea: • Pharmacologic agents and surgery • CPAP (low compliance - 46%) • Ideal treatment: jump respiration without inducing arousal or wake, easy to apply, and no side effects. • Mildly trigeminal and pure olfactory odors do not arouse or wake • Odors modify respiratory patterns while awake

  11. Hypothesis • Hypothesis: odorants delivered during sleep would modify respiratory patterns without inducing arousal or wake in healthy sleepers. • Aim: To assess the feasibility of using odors as a potential mechanism for use in future studies to treat patients with sleep apnea.

  12. Methods • 36 participants • Randomized to 1 of 4 different odorants for one night: lavender oil (pleasant trigeminal), vanillin (pleasant pure olfactory), vetiver oil (dirt - unpleasant trigeminal), and amonium sulfide (rotten eggs! - unpleasant pure olfactory). • Odors delivered with computer control system randomly every 9, 12, or 15 min for periods of 5-, 10-, or 20-s (21 to 37 odorant presentations per night) • Controlled conditions (noise, humidity, airflow, stainless steel walls, etc) • Standard overnight polysomnography and nasal and oral respiration recorders.

  13. Results

  14. Results

  15. Results

  16. Conclusions • Mildly trigeminal and pure olfactory odorants do not increase arousal or wake • Odorants transiently presented during sleep induced a respiratory rejection type response (increased net exhalation) for up to 6 breathes after odorant onset • This suggests that manipulating the respiratory system without affecting the quality of sleep is viable.

  17. My Conclusions • We continue to perceive even while sleep and this is true at least for the olfactory sense. • Not only we can perceive while sleep, but we are objectively affected by this perceptions. • There is potential for the use of sensory stimuli with therapeutic purposes. • More research is needed in this area.

  18. Thank you

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