The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation Reformation or Revolution?

2. The Spark • October 31, 1517 – Wittenburg • 95 Theses nailed to church door • Response to Church • Final straw: Johann Tetzel’s preaching on indulgences – for $ for St. Peter’s • Indulgence: remission of temporal punishment due to sin --- VALID still today • selling invalid!

3. Fanning the Flames • Pope Leo X – ignores call for council - so • Luther goes public writing tracts: • Vs. indulgences • Vs. Papal authority over Council • Vs. condemnation of Hus • Vs. 7 sacraments --- only baptism/communion • Vs. transubstantiation • Pro married clergy • Pro individual interpretation of Scripture • Pro sola scriptura • Pro justification by faith --- NOT works • Threatened with excommunication --- enter Charles V -- Who???? -- (aka Charles I of Spain)

4. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (aka Charles I of Spain) 1556 1519

5. The Habsburg Dynasty • Maximilian I ---------Mary Habsburg(1493-1519) of Burgundy Philip of Burgundy----------Joanna of Castille (la loca) Charles V (1519-1556) Philip II------ (1556-1598) • Ferdinand----Isabella of Aragon of Castille Catherine--Henry VIII of Aragon of Eng. ---------Mary Tudor “Other nations wage war; you, Austria, marry.”

6. The Flames Leap Up • Threatened with excommunication • Refuses to retract • Condemned & excommunicated by Leo X • Exsurge Domine • Luther publicly burns the bull! • Charles V – sees need to end heresy • Calls Diet of Worms • Luther says – can’t go vs. conscience • “God help me! Amen.” • Banned from Holy Roman Empire • Saxony Elector & others protect him • Writes German edition of Bible

7. The Reformation Spreads • Luther denies authority soo can’t others? • Call to German nationalism! • Lutheran princes form Schmalkald League vs. Rome • Peasant War-based on Luther’s teaching of equality-Luther condemns, says it is equality for salvation-not here on earth • Back in France --- Francis I (Valois) --- vs. Charles --- b/c he’s sandwiched • Sig: Catholic w/Prot vs. Catholic!!!!! • fought in Italy--- (oops – mercenaries attack Rome!)

8. Peace of Augsburg1555 • STATUS QUO!!! • What is Protestant remains so (N) • What is Catholic remains so (S) • Cuius regio, eius religio • But doesn’t mean tolerance!!!!

9. Part II: ZWINGLI 1484-1531 • Hellenist – friend of Erasmus • “People’s Priest” in Zurich, Switzerland • Teaching – vs. all authority • No Mass – only a memorial • Condemned relics, incense, pilgrimages… • Iconoclasm: destroyed images + crucifix • Determined to take over Switzerland • Dies in battle 1531 • ANABAPTISTS: disgruntled Zwinglians

10. John Calvin 1509-1556 • Layman – French, fled to Geneva • SYSTEMATIZED PROTESTANT THOUGHT • Institutes of the Christian Religion • Teachings: • salvation through Scripture alone • justification by faith • no dancing, cards, drink… • Predestination-seen outwardly through wealth • Presbyterian (Reformed) --- Knox • PREDESTINATION – Man totally corrupt • Huguenots (French) / Puritans (US)

11. Part III: THE ENGLISH REFORMATION • Not “Lutheran” --- Causes Different • Henry VIII & Catherine of Aragon -1521 “Defender of the Faith” vs. Luther! -Henry wants a son! --- so Anne Boleyn -asks Pope Clement VII for annulment Yes? – then Julius II wrong No? - Henry may throw a fit So???????

12. The Plot Thickens. . . • Clement VII stalls • 1529 Henry head “as far as the law of Christ allows” • Thomas More made Lord Chancellor – but resigns! • 1533 Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, declares the marriage null!!! • 1534 Act of Supremacy • 1534 Oath of Supremacy: “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England” • 1535 Thomas More executed • 1539 6 Articles --- “Catholic” except for supremacy • 1535-39 Dissolution of monasteries “bare ruined choirs where late the sweet bird sang” • Ireland:::Church driven underground - illegal

13. I’m Henry the VIII, I am. . . Catherine of Aragon m.1507?-1533 Children: Mary Tudor Divorced

14. Henry the VIII, I am… Anne Boleyn, m.1533-1536 Children: Elizabeth I Accused of adultery Beheaded Elizabeth I

15. … I am … Jane Seymour m. 1536-1537 Children: Edward VI (ah!) Dies in childbirth

16. I’m Henry the VIII, I am. . . Anne of Cleves m. 1537 “annulled” (i.e.--- divorced)

17. Henry the VIII, I am. . . Catherine Howard m. 1540-1542 Accused of adultery Beheaded!

18. I’m Henry the VIII, I am. . . Katherine Parr m. 1543-1547 Survives!!! Henry dies!

19. …back to our story • Edward VI 1547-1553 • 9 years old – sickly – so Archbishop Thomas Cranmer (Prot) rules • English Church became more Protestant • Book of Common Prayer, 1549 (Revised 1553) • 42 Articles, 1551 --- repeals 6 Articles • Calvinist ideas on the rise / Clergy marry • But then….. • 1553 – Edward dies – Who will rule England???

20. But then what happened? • Mary Tudor (daughter of Catherine) • 1553-1558 • Marries Philip II of Spain (Charlie’s son) • Tries to bring England back to Rome! • Called “Bloody Mary” for executing Cranmer, Latimer – and 300 other Protestants

21. Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603 • Diplomacy: middle line between Puritans / Catholic • “Elizabethan Settlement” – outward conformity or fine (or death for Catholics) • Act of Supremacy, 1559 • Repealed Pro-Catholic laws • Act of Uniformity, 1559 • Modified version of Book of Common Prayer • 39 Articles, 1563 • Defined the teachings of Anglican Church

22. Queen Elizabeth I 1558-1603 • Challenges: • Protestants called Puritans • Duke of Norfolk’s revolt, 1569 – executed • Mary Queen of Scots • Accused of plots vs. Eliz. 1567-1587 – executed • Philip II of Spain • Spanish Armada, 1588