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The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation. Catholicism in the 1400s. Roman Catholic Church – influential, extravagant, and worldly. Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots . Concerns crystallized into the PROTESTANT REFORMATION. THE CHURCH’S BIG PROBLEMS:.

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The Protestant Reformation

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  1. The Protestant Reformation

  2. Catholicism in the 1400s • Roman Catholic Church – influential, extravagant, and worldly. Some people felt church straying from spiritual roots. Concerns crystallized into the PROTESTANT REFORMATION

  3. THE CHURCH’S BIG PROBLEMS: • Popes – greedy/worldly; more worried about living in luxury, collecting art and war than being spiritual leaders • Priests – decline due to Plague; still had “wives” and kids; not well educated • Selling of indulgences by the church -INDULGENCES – pay $$; reduce a soul’s time in purgatory(Catholic’s believed dead went to purgatory to work off sins) - Sale of indulgences approved by Pope Leo X to build St. Peter’s Basilica 4. People: - Question why some spared by God during plague and others were not - Found the clergy had little interest in their spiritual needs - More open to new ideas - Direct result of the Renaissance and invention of printing press - More literate people

  4. PRINTING PRESS: • Germany 1455 • Johan Gutenberg – prints the Bible

  5. EFFECTS OF THE PRINTING PRESS: • Books made quickly/cheaply • Many people can buy books • For the 1st time the Bible is widely read • New ideas spread quickly • Literacy increases

  6. PEOPLE WHO SPOKE OUT AGAINST THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: • Savonarola - 1494-98 controlled Florence (overthrew Medici - Told people to “burn vanities” - Burned at the stake - Showed how easily religious passion could turn to revolutionary thought

  7. PEOPLE WHO SPOKE OUT AGAINST THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: (cont’) 2. Christian Humanists: - Major goal – reform the Catholic Church - Believed in ability of human beings to reason and improve themselves - Read classics – especially basic works of Christianity and you would become more pious (inward religious feeling) - This would bring about reform in the church and society - Best know Christian Humanist – Erasmus (1466-1536) - said “Christianity should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis, not just provide beliefs for them to be saved”

  8. PEOPLE WHO SPOKE OUT AGAINST THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: 3. John Wycliffe (Early Reformer) - Professor at Oxford - Ideas: - Pope stuffy, rich, proud - Jesus was boss, not the pope - Bible was authority, not the pope - Church shouldn’t own land or be rich - Translated Bible to English - Removed from teaching position, arrested but freed, died 1384

  9. PEOPLE WHO SPOKE OUT AGAINST THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: 4. John Hus (Bohemia- Czech.) - Preached against immorality and worldliness of Catholic Church - Preached Bible>Pope - Hero to Czech people - 1411 – Excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII - 1415 – Burned at the stake John Wycliffe and John Hus openly criticized the church which began the discussions that eventually led to reform.

  10. PEOPLE WHO SPOKE OUT AGAINST THE CATHOLIC CHURCH: 5. Martin Luther (Monk/religious scholar; Germany)

  11. MARTIN LUTHER (1483-1546) Background: - Mean father/priests scared him - Tried to “be good” as a kid – guilty/afraid - Friends die during The Plague/ struck by lightening at 21 – becomes a monk - As a monk Luther would fast/confess/freeze but still did not “feel good” - Monk/Professor at the University of Wittenberg - Lectured on the Bible - Change – read Bible and discovered FAITH was key to salvation not all the stuff the Priests said!!! All you need is FAITH to be saved.

  12. TIMELINE TO THE REFORMATION -----HERE’S WHAT HAPPENED!!!!!!!!!!

  13. 1. Wittenberg, Germany • Tetzel (friar) selling indulgences to raise money to build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome • Slogan “As soon as the coin in the coffer(money box) rings, the soul from Purgatory springs”

  14. 2. OCTOBER 31, 1517 • Luther gets mad – and nails The Ninety-Five Theses to the church door • 95 statements attacking the Catholic Church and its sale of indulgences

  15. Martin Luther’s public criticism of the church in 1517 marks the symbolic beginning of the Protestant Reformation • THE NINETY-FIVE THESES • Luther believed selling indulgences sinful • Said indulgences had no power to remit sin • Criticized power of pope and wealth of church • Written in Latin, intended for church leaders not the common people • STIMULATED DISCUSSION • Nailing theses to church door common practice; community bulletin boards • Stimulated discussion among university intellectuals • Published, distributed across Europe, widely read by intellectuals, clergy, laypeople • Desire for reform grows

  16. 3. At 1st Leo X did not take the issue seriously • Said Luther was a “drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up”

  17. 4. 1519 – Luther moves to amore definite break with the church • Luther emphasizes 3 beliefs to the people: • Faith brings salvation not “good deeds” • Bible is the authority not the POPE! • Priests not needed – People can read the BIBLE • Other Changes: • Only 2 sacraments(Baptism and Communion) , not 7 sacraments • Allow Clergy to marry

  18. 5. 1520 – Church’s Response • Pope is angry and issues a bull (official statement) demanding Luther “take it back or be excommunicated” • Luther’s response “No way” and burns the Pope’s letter in a bonfire with cheering students • Luther excommunicated!!

  19. 6. Edict of Worms • 1521, Luther is summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in Worms (Diet of Worms) • Luther is asked to change his stand. Luther says “No Way!” • Charles V issues the Edict of Worms – says: • Luther declared a heretic and outlaw • Writing condemned • Burn his books/writings

  20. 7. Luther’s ideas spread • German People “protect” Luther for 25 years • Hides out his first year and translates the Bible to German

  21. 8. 1522 Luther returns to Wittenberg • Lutheranism begins (separate religion) – 1st Protestant Faith • Additional Changes made: • New religious services: bible reading, preaching of the word of God and song • Church leaders: ministers not priests • Services led in German • Some ministers married • Charles V tried to suppress Lutherans in Germany, but German Princes who supported Luther took control of Catholic Churches in their territories and form separate churches supervised by the government

  22. OTHER “EFFECTS” OF LUTHER: • 1524 Peasant Revolts: • Peasants thought “If we can change religious “stuff” then lets change social “stuff” --- NO MORE SERFDOM • Angry peasants raid, pillaged and burned • Luther – shocked and appalled – told German Princes to “crush ‘em” • 100,000 people killed ---most poor---went back to the Catholic Church

  23. OTHER “EFFECTS” OF LUTHER: (CONT”) • 1555 Peace of Augsburg • Agreement formally accepted the division of Christianity in Germany • German princes free to choose whether their state/province would accept Catholicism or Lutheranism • The people had no choice. • THOSE WHO CHOSE TO BE LUTHERAN WERE KNOWN AS PROTESTANTS

  24. PROTESTANTS: WORD CAME TO REFER TO ANYONE NOT CATHOLIC; PEOPLE SEEKING CHANGE

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