North and South

1. North and South The North’s Economy p.386 - 390

3. Industrialization • By the early 1800’s, changes took place in the Northern states. • Power-driven machinery performed many tasks that were once done by hand. • The industrialization of the North developed in three phases: • 1- manufacturers made products by dividing the tasks involved among the workers. • 2- manufacturers built factories to bring specialized workers together. • 3- factory workers used machinery to perform some of their work.

4. Industrialization • Mass production of cotton textiles began in New England in the early 1800’s with the invention of the sewing machine (Elias Howe). • Machine operators could produce clothing on a large scale. • By 1860 the Northeast’s factories produced at least two-thirds of the countries manufactured goods.

6. Improved Transportation • Improvements in transportation contributed to the success of many of America’s new industries. • Between 1800 and 1850, construction crews built thousands of miles of roads and canals. • The canals opened new shipping routes by connecting many lakes and rivers. • The growth of the railroads in the 1840s and 1850s also helped to speed the flow of goods. • Robert Fulton demonstrated a reliable steamboat that carried goods and passengers more cheaply and quickly along inland waterways.

7. Improved Transportation • In the 1840s canals were widened and deepened to accommodate steamboats. • In the 1840s sailing ships were improved. • The clipper ships – with sleek hulls and tall sails – could sail 300 miles per day, as fast as most steamships of the day.

9. Locomotives • The development of railroads in the United States began with short stretches of tracks that connected mines with nearby rivers. • Peter Cooper designed and built the first American steam locomotive in 1830 called the Tom Thumb. • In 1840 the United States had almost 3,000 miles of railroad track. • By 1860 it had almost 31,000 miles, mostly in the North and the Midwest. • By 1860 a network of railroad track united the Midwest and the East.

10. Moving Goods and People • The development of the east-west canal and the rail network allowed grain, livestock, and dairy products to move directly from the Midwest to the East. • Goods now traveled faster and more cheaply so manufacturers in the East could offer them at lower prices. • The railroads also played an important role in the settlement and industrialization of the Midwest. • As the population of these states grew, new towns and industries developed.

11. Faster Communication • The growth of industry and the new pace of travel created a need for faster methods of communications. • The telegraph- and apparatus that used electric signals to transmit messages- filled that need. • Samuel Morse invented the telegraph and used Morse code to transmit messages. • Americans adopted the telegraph eagerly and erected telegraph lines.

13. Revolution in Agriculture • Advances in technology allowed farmers to greatly increase their harvest. • Three revolutionary inventions of the 1830s changed farming methods and encouraged settlers to cultivate large areas of the West. • Steel-tipped plow • Thresher • Mechanical reaper • The steel-tipped plow was developed by John Deere. The plow easily cut through the hard-packed sod of the prairies.

14. McCormick’s Reaper • For hundreds of years, farmers had harvested grain with handheld sickles. • Cyrus McCormick created a reaper that could harvest grain much faster than a hand-operated sickle. • Because farmers could harvest wheat so quickly, they began planting more of it. Growing wheat became profitable. • The thresher quickly separated the grain from the stalk.

16. McCormick’s Reaper • Despite improvements in agriculture the North turned away from farming and increasingly toward industry. • It was difficult making a living farming the rocky soil of New England, but industry flourished in the area. • The number of people who worked in factories continued to rise – so did problems connected with factory labor.