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North and South

North and South. Chapter 13. The North’s Economy 13-1. The North’s People 13-2. Southern Cotton Kingdom 13-3. The South’s People 13-4. The North’s Economy. Chapter 13 Section 1 Pages 386-390. Technology and Industry.

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North and South

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  1. North and South Chapter 13

  2. The North’s Economy 13-1 The North’s People 13-2 Southern Cotton Kingdom 13-3 The South’s People 13-4

  3. The North’s Economy Chapter 13 Section 1 Pages 386-390

  4. Technology and Industry • Industrialization changed the way Americans worked, traveled, and communicated. In the North, manufacturers made products by dividing task among workers. They built factories to bring specialized workers together. Products could be made more quickly. The factory workers used machinery to some of the work faster and more efficiently.

  5. Technology and Industry • Mass production of cotton textiles began in New England after Elias Howe invented the sewing machine in 1846. • By 1860 factories in the Northeast produced about two-thirds of the country’s manufactured goods.

  6. Technology and Industry • Advances in transportation sparked the success of many new industries. • Robert Fulton’s steamboat, developed in 1807, enabled goods and passengers to move along inland waterways more cheaply and quickly.

  7. Technology and Industry • Thousands of miles of roads and canals were built between 1800 and 1850. • Canal builders widened and deepened the canals in the 1840’s so steamboats could pass through. • Steamboats created the growth of cities such as Chicago, Cincinnati, and Buffalo.

  8. Technology and Industry • Clipper, or sailing ships were built in the 1840’s to go faster, almost as fast as steamships. They could travel an average of 300 miles per day.

  9. Technology and Industry • Railroad growth in the 1840’s and 1850’s connected places that were far apart. Early railroads connected mines with nearby rivers. Horses, not locomotives, powered the early railroads. • The first steam powered locomotive, the Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829. • Peter Cooper designed and built the first American steam locomotive, Tom Thumb, in 1830.

  10. Technology and Industry • A railway network in 1860 of nearly 31,000 miles of track linked cities in the North and Midwest. Railway builders tied the eastern lines to lines built farther west so that by 1860, a network united the East and the Midwest.

  11. Technology and Industry • Railways transformed trade and settlement in the nation’s interior. With the Eric Canal and railway network between the East and West, grain, livestock, and diary products moved directly from the Midwest to the East. • Prices were lower because goods traveled faster and more cheaply. • People settled into Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and as the population of the states grew, new towns and industry developed in the Midwest.

  12. Technology and Industry • People needed to communicate faster to jeep up with the industrial growth and faster travel methods. • Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in 1844. It used electric signals to send messages along wires. • To transmit messages, Morse developed the Morse code, using a series of dots and dashes to represent the letters of the alphabet. By 1860 the United States had constructed more than 50,000 miles of telegraph lines.

  13. Technology and Industry • Discussion Question How did railroads transform trade and settlement in the country? Answer: Railroads enabled goods and people to move from place to place faster and cheaper. Railroads connected the East to the Midwest, so people settled in places in the Midwest and industry also developed there as well.

  14. Agriculture • Farmers were able to sell their products in new markets as a result of the railroads and canals.

  15. Agriculture • New inventions changed farming methods and also encouraged settlers to develop larger areas in the West thought to be too difficult to farm.

  16. Agriculture • John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in 1837. It’s steel-tipped blade cut trough hard soil more easily than previous plows, which used wood blades.

  17. Agriculture • The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting wheat. Cyrus McCormick designed and constructed it and made a fortune manufacturing and selling it. The mechanical reaper harvested grain much faster than a hand operated sickle. Farmers began planting more wheat because they could harvest it faster. Growing wheat became profitable.

  18. Agriculture • The thresher separated the grain from the stalk.

  19. Agriculture • Midwest farmers grew large quantities of wheat and shipped it east. Farmers in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic states increased production of fruits and vegetables because they grew well in Eastern soil.

  20. Agriculture • Agriculture was not a mainstay of the North. Farming the rocky soil was difficult. Instead, the North continued to grow industrially. More and more people worked in factories, and problems connected with factory labor also grew.

  21. Agriculture • Discussion Question How did improvements in agriculture help farmers? Answer: The steep-tipped plow made cutting through soil easier. The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting wheat. More wheat was planted because it could be harvested faster, making it more profitable. The thresher sped up the harvesting process. Railroads also helped farmers by moving their goods faster, farther and cheaper.

  22. Did You Know? • Although Elias Howe patented the sewing machine in 1846, there were several earlier versions. A sewing machine was introduced by a French tailor named Barthelemy Thimonnier in 1830. Other French tailors were frightened that the machine would put them out of business, so they destroyed his 80- machine shop.

  23. The North’s People Chapter 13 Section 2 Pages 391-396

  24. Northern Factories • Factories produced items such as shoes, watches, guns, sewing machines, and agricultural machinery in addition to textiles and clothing. • Working conditions worsened as factories grew. • Employees worked an average of 11.4 hour day, often under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. No laws existed to regulate working conditions to protect workers.

  25. Northern Factories • By the 1830’s the workers began to organize to improve working conditions. • Trade unions, or organizations of workers with the same trade or skill developed. • Unskilled workers also organized due to poor working conditions.

  26. Northern Factories • Skilled workers in New York City went on strike or refused to work in the mid-1830’s. They hoped for higher wages and a 10 hour workday. • They formed the General Trades Union of New York.

  27. Northern Factories • Striking was illegal and workers could be punished by law or fired from their jobs. • A Massachusetts court ruled in favor of worker’s right to strike in 1842, but this was just the beginning of workers receiving legal rights.

  28. Northern Factories • Although the North did not have slavery in the 1820’s, racial prejudice and discrimination did exist. • In 1820, although New York stopped requiring white men to own property in order to vote, few African Americans could vote. • Rhode Island and Pennsylvania passed laws prohibiting free African American from voting.

  29. Northern Factories • Free African Americans were not allowed to attend public schools and were banned from public facilities. • They were forced into segregated schools and hospitals in most communities. • A few African Americans were successful in business. While most lived in poverty.

  30. Northern Factories • Women were discriminated against in the mills and factories even though they played a major role in the development of industry. • They worked for less pay, were excluded from unions and were kept out of the workplace to provide jobs for men.

  31. Northern Factories • The Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization in Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature for a 10- hour work day in 1845. • The legislature did not consider the petition as it was signed only be women.

  32. Northern Factories • Most early efforts in the workplace failed but did set the stage for later women’s movements.

  33. Northern Factories • Discussion Question Why did working conditions deteriorate in the Northern factories? Answer: Working conditions deteriorated in the Northern factories because factory owners turned a deaf ear to the concerns and needs of the workers that provided the labor that ran their factories. Profit was the main goal of many factory owners.

  34. Northern Factories • The conditions that existed in the factories of the North differed as the products they produced. Using the work sheet located in the document section of Miss Brooks website compare and contrast the working conditions of two factories. Click on the links below to visit these two factories.

  35. Northern Factories • Inquiry Activity Conduct a web search and report to the class how workers today are protected by law in today’s workplace. Include the following: A bibliography of your source sites

  36. The Rise of Cities • The many jobs in factories brought many people to the cities in the North. • In 1860 the population of New York city, the nation’s largest city, passed 800,000 people. Philadelphia had more than 500,000 people. City life was often difficult and dangerous die to overcrowding, run-down buildings and the threat of disease and fire.

  37. The Rise of Cities • Immigration to the United States greatly increased between 1840 and 1860. Many of these people were willing to work for low pay and long hours. • The largest group came from Ireland, more than 1.5 million, settling mainly in the Northeast. A potato famine, or an extreme shortage, caused by a potato disease destroyed Ireland’s crops, and starvation followed. Potatoes were the main staple food of the Irish diet.

  38. The Rise of Cities • The men from Ireland worked in factories or did manual labor such as working on the railroads and digging ditches. Women became domestic servants and factory workers.

  39. The Rise of Cities • The second largest group of immigrants came from Germany. They settled in New York, Pennsylvania, the Midwest, and the Western territories. Some came for the new opportunities that the cities had to offer, while others came as the result of the failure of the democratic revolution in 1848.

  40. The Rise of Cities • More than one million people came, many in family groups. Many had money, so they prospered, founding their own communities and organizations and buying farms or settling up businesses.

  41. The Rise of Cities • Immigration changed the character of the country. People brought their language, customs, religion, and ways of life. • Most of the Irish immigrants and about one-half of German immigrants were Roman Catholics. They settled in northeastern cities. The church gave them a source of spiritual guidance and also provided a center of community life.

  42. The Rise of Cities • Inquiry Activity: Conduct a web search or interview those who grew up in Baltimore city and report to the class how different ethic groups were reflected and found refuge in the neighborhood Catholic Churches of Baltimore City. Include the following: A bibliography of your source sites or a digital copy of your interview questions and responses.

  43. The Rise of Cities • Immigrants faced prejudice and discrimination in the United States. Anti-immigrant feeling arose and those who opposed immigration were called nativists. • Nativists felt that immigration threatened the future of “native” born citizens. • Some nativists thought that immigrants took jobs away from “real” Americans. Others thought they brought crime and disease.

  44. The Rise of Cities • The American Party was a group of nativists who joined together to form a new political party in the 1850’s. • They formed secret anti-Catholic societies. • The party came to be known as the Know Nothing Party, because when questioned their response was “ I know nothing.”

  45. The Rise of Cities • The Know Nothing Party wanted stricter citizenship laws and wanted to ban foreign-born citizens from holding office. • In the mid-1850’s, the movement split over slavery. • A Northern branch and a Southern branch formed. • Slavery also divided the Northern and Southern states.

  46. The Rise of Cities • Discussion Question Despite the problems of city life, the population in cities prospered. Why did cities attract so many people? Answer: Cities offered many types of jobs and housing. Immigrants were attracted to cities because they provide the opportunity to work and “affordable” housing. Although ant-immigrant feelings grew, many immigrants lived in ethnic communities that provided support and a feeling of security.

  47. The Rise of Cities • Inquiry Activity: Conduct a web search and report to the class what are the greatest problems facing our cities today. You may focus your response to American cities in general or Baltimore City in particular. • Challenge: Include in your answer what you believe are solutions to some of the problems you discovered. Include the following: A bibliography of your source sites

  48. Did You Know? • President James Buchanan was the only president who never married. Engaged in 1819 to be wed, his finance's family disapproved and eventually she broke the engagement. When he became President in 1857, his niece Harriet Lane served as mistress of the White House.

  49. Southern Cotton Kingdom Chapter 13 Section 3 Pages 397-400

  50. Rise of the Cotton Kingdom • The economy of the South thrived by 1850 because of cotton. • It became the leading cash crop. • Tobacco and rice had been profitable in colonial times, but tobacco depended on foreign markets and the price fluctuated. • Rice could not be grown in the dry inland areas. • In the Deep South- Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and Texas, cotton helped the economy prosper, and slavery grew stronger.

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