Lecture 15: Summary

1. Lecture 15: Summary Ann T. Orlando 3 May 2011

2. Final Exam Structure • 2 hours allotted to exam (7:30 – 9:30) May 15 • Closed book, closed notes • Identification (20 pts) • Match events with dates(20 pts) • Matching people with descriptions; more people than descriptions (20 pts) • Match quotes from readings to authors; more authors than quotes (20 pts) • Essay take home (20 pts): Due Day of Exam, May 10

3. Final Exam: Identification • You will be asked to give a one or two sentence definition or translation of the following terms: • Fides quaerens intellectum • Lay Investiture • Simony • Nepotism • Avignon Papacy • Conciliarism • Sola scriptura, sola gratia, sola fides • Cujus regio, ejus religio • Justification • Gallicanism

4. Matching Dates • 910, • 1095, • 1122, • 1204, • 1303, • 1453, • 1517, • 1545, • 1648, • 1776, • 1891, • 1962, • 2005

5. Matching People and Descriptions • Otto I • Pope Gregory VII • St. Dominic • St. Francis of Assisi • St. Thomas Aquinas • St. Catherine of Siena • John Hus • Martin Luther • John Calvin • Charles V • St. Francis Xavier • de las Casas • Napoleon • Pope Piux IX • John Locke • Voltaire • Pope John XXIII

6. Quotes • Just like midterm • Quotes taken from • Thomas Aquinas • Gregory VII • Martin Luther • Ignatius Loyola • Francis de Sales • Bartolome de las Casas • Thomas Jefferson • Pascal • Leo XIII

7. Final Essay Question • Write an essay on how your understanding of Church History helps you to critically evaluate the Commonweal article by Charles Taylor “Religion is not the Problem,” February 25, 2011 • Answers must be very specific, with many names, dates (centuries), places, and thought as to how they relate • Due Day of Exam, May 10

8. Review: 10th C • Otto I, the Great, (912-973) established a strong kingdom in the center of Europe on the Carolingian model • Otto I began practice of appointing and installing bishops, known as lay investiture • Normans (aka Northmen, aka Vikings) settled some of the places they conquered in 9th C • Western France • Southern England • Sicily, southern Italy • Charter for Foundation of Cluny, 910

9. Review: 11th C • Pontificate of Gregory VII (1073-1085) • Church reform; Gregory had been a monk at Cluny • Assertion of Papal primacy, Dictatus Papae; Emperor cannot invest bishops with symbols of office, or participate in election of Pope • Opposed simony (sale of religious offices) • Excommunicated Emperor Henry IV; Henry repents at Canossa • Mutual excommunication of Pope Leo IX and Patriarch in 1054 (lifted by Pope Paul IV and Patriarch in 1964) • William the Conqueror from Normandy 1066 defeated Anglo-Saxons at Battle of Hastings • First Crusade called by Urban II in 1095, Jerusalem captured in 1099 • Reform of Cluny: Cistercians; Founded by Robert Molesme at Citeaux 1099

10. Review: 12th C • Concordat of Worms 1122 resolved lay investiture, agreed to by Pope Calixtus II and Henry V • Second Crusade preached by Bernard of Clairvaux in 1146; military disaster for Europeans; Jerusalem recaptured by Moslem armies • Pontificate of Innocent III (1198-1216) • Maintained that all kings were vassals of Pope • Approved Rule of St. Francis

11. Review: 13th C • Fourth Crusade, 1204, proclaimed by Innocent III, stopped with sack of Constantinople, never reached Palestine • 1208 Innocent III declares ‘crusade’ against Albingensians • 1233 Inquisition established to find heretics • Both a religious and a political institution • Remember: political and religious unity not distinguished • St. Dominic, 1170-1221, Dominican; founded Order of Preachers • St. Francis, 1182-1226, Franciscan; stigmata, founded Franciscans • St. Bonaventure, 1221-1274, Franciscan; Itinerarium • St. Thomas Aquinas, 1225-1274, Dominican; Summa Theologiae; transubstantiation

12. Review: 14th C • Plague started in Asia; Spread to Europe in 1347 • Pope Boniface VIII • Unam Sanctam • Philip IV ignores Encyclical; • Captures Boniface and humiliates him • Boniface dies 1303 • Avignon Papacy, (1309-1377), • Catherine of Sienna; convinces Gregory XI to return to Rome

13. Review: 15th C • In 1394 theologians at University of Paris suggest a council to elect Pope and end Great Schism; instead winds up with 3 Popes: Rome, Avignon, Pisa • Another Council at Constance in 1414-1418 • Haec Sancta: Council of Bishops pre-eminent over Pope • Elect Martin V, end of Great Schism • Burnt at stake John Hus as a heretic • Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 • Hundred’s Year War Between England and France 1339-1453 • Continuation of dispute over who is proper successor to French throne • Joan of Arc, 1412-1431 • Pius II (1458-1464) issues Execrabilis, that no council is over the Pope, repudiates Council of Constance • Queen Isabel of Castile and King Ferdinand of Aragon succeed in expelling Muslims from Spain in 1492; Columbus

14. Review: 16th C • How the house of cards fell down: 1517, Albrecht of Mainz wants to be Archbishop • Albrecht buys his archbishopric from Rome (Leo X); Rome needs the money in part to help pay for rebuilding of St. Peters • Rome authorizes the preaching of a special indulgence in Germany, with the money to go to Albrecht to repay him • Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Responds to this situation with 95 Thesis in 1517 • Go far beyond denouncing sin of simony and corruption; fundamentally calls into question Rome’s primacy and theology of indulgences; denounces scholasticism • German princes, especially Fredrick the Wise of Saxony, support Luther against Rome and against HRE Charles V • Emperor Charles V (HRE and Spain); headed Diet of Worms that condemned Luther • Peace of Augsburg, 1555:Between German Catholics and Lutherans Cuius regio, eius religio, “whose reign, his religion” • Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536) • Augustinian monk • Humanist who encouraged return to Bible and early Fathers of Church as a way to reform • Scripture as the philosophy of Christ • Optimistic about man’s ability to know and understand; ancient maxim that if one knows what is right, one will do it

15. Lutheran Theology: Three Solas • Sola Scriptura • Rejection of philosophical developments; Scripture is all that one needs • Scripture should be available to everyone, unmediated; Luther translates Bible into German, although with his own interpretation built into it • Return to original Biblical languages for Biblical study; reject any OT books not written in Hebrew (deutrocanonical books; i.e., most philosophical books) • Very important that everyone can read • Sola Fides • Faith in Jesus Christ is necessary and sufficient for salvation • Universal priesthood of all believers • Sola Gratia • Only God’s grace can save you • Only two sacraments: Baptism and Eucharist • Accepts Real Presence, but not transubstantiation as a way to describe it

16. Review: 16th C (cont.) • Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) • A priest, Zwingli becomes member of Zurich city council • Calvin (1509 - 1564) born in France, studied law • Theological heir of Zwingli; Moves to Switzerland to be away from Catholic France • Established a ‘holy’ city in Geneva • Very influential on development of Huguenots in France, Puritanism in England and Presbyterianism in Scotland • Accepted Luther’s maxim “Sola Scriptura, Sola Fides, Sola Gratia) and extended it • Accepted double predestination (as defined by Augustine) • Rejected real presence in Eucharist • Henry VIII of England married Catherine of Spain in 1509 (daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, aunt of Charles V) • marriage yields no male heir; Pope Clement VII refuses to annul marriage • Henry declares himself head of Church in England 1532 • Thomas More and other executed 1535

17. Review: 16th C Catholicism • Jesuits (Society of Jesus) founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) • Rule • Council of Trent Called by Pope Paul III • Lengthy, intermittent (1545-1563) • Pope initially reluctant to call council because of bad experiences with councils (especially Council of Constance) in 15th C • Purpose was both to address reform of practice and to uphold Catholic doctrine • Developed in several sessions • Jesuits play a major theological role at Trent; encouraged explicit statement of Catholic doctrine in opposition to Protestant views • Teresa of Avila 1515-1582 • Pioneered major reforms of monastic orders (male and female) • Special relationship with John of Cross • Encouraged renewed devotion of Catholics in opposition to Protestants • First woman declared a doctor of Church (1970) • Francis de Sales 1567-1622 • Educated by Jesuits • Argued against Calvinists; bishop in absentia of Geneva • Wrote popular devotional works; On Devout Life very influential • Early Church Missions • St. Francis Xavier in Orient, died in Japan 1522 • Bartholome de las Casas

18. Review: 17th C • Thirty Years War, 1618-1648, continued armed struggles in Europe along political and religious lines (France and Sweden against Protestant German duchies) • Peace of Westphalia, 1648, confirmed Peace of Augsburg, but now included Calvinists • Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715 • Becomes King at age 5; real power was Cardinal Richelieu • Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne • Encouraged Gallicanism • Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength • Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France • French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with throne

19. Review: 17th and 18th C development of philosophy of Enlightenment • Science (as we now define it) as the basis for knowledge; • Human reason can figure it (anything, everything) out; is always making progress • Devalue history, tradition • Toleration as the basis for political-religious relationship; • Separation of Church and State • Individual rights, not duty, as basis for political systems and society; • Social contract not natural law as basis of legal system • Becomes an alternative to established religions • Key figures: John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, Voltaire

20. Review: 18th C • American Revolution (1776-1781), based on philosophy of John Locke (1632-1704), especially Two Treatises of Government • Champion of individual rights • Religious toleration • Not clear (still isn’t) what is relation between religion and politics in America • Louis XVI reigns 1774-1792 • Paris center of France • Initially encourages Enlightenment ideas • Supports American Revolution • Economic depression, leading to Revolution • Executed during Revolution • French Revolution Driven by economic depression in 1789 • Revolt against ‘Church and Throne’ • Church considered part of old regime • Establishes new church of nature • Becomes very violent • Anyone not considered part of new ‘democratic’ regime executed; including many religious and clergy (Robespierre) • Eventually leads to anarchy, which leads to Napoleon

21. Review: 19th Century • Napoleon manages to conquer much of Europe: from Spain to Egypt to Russia • Gains control 1799 • Restores Catholicism (sort of) • Sells Louisiana to United States (Jefferson) 1803 • Crowns himself emperor in front of Pope 1804 • Finally defeated at Waterloo by English 1814 • France after Napoleon • Brief restoration of monarchy • Revolution 1848 • French Republics • Powerful group of Catholics in France want strong Papacy to help rebuild French unity and culture (Ultamontane) • Pope Pius IX, pope 1846-1878 • Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848 • Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats) • Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought • Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church • Declares Immaculate Conception as Church dogma as infallible • Convenes V I in 1869 • Loses Papal States in 1870 • Beatified along with John XXIII in 2000 • Germany: Revolution of 1848 followed by rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859 • King as figure head • Pope Leo XIII • Rerum Novarum; basis for Church’s modern stance on social justice, 1891

22. Review: 20th C • Pius XII • Vatican diplomat assigned to Germany before WWII • Thought he could negotiate with Nazis, but also thought that direct confrontation would irreparably harm the Church • Encourage quiet protection of Jews by Church, but did not speak out forcefully • Pontifical Biblical Commission: return to study of ancient languages and support for historical critical method • Declared Assumption of Mary to be infallibly true • Vatican II Called by John XXIII in 1962; closed by Paul VI in 1965 • Liturgical changes; use of vernacular; RCIA • Renewed emphasis on importance of actions of Catholic laity in world • No change in doctrine

23. A Final Word… • THANK YOU • For your suggestions • For your papers and discussions • For your interest and attention • And remember…Essay Due Day of Exam, May 10