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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. Susan Solomon: O 3 is ________ which filters ___________ light. Chapter 2. Susan Solomon: O 3 is ozone which filters ultraviolet light. CFCs are _______ _______by upper atmospheric _________ releasing Cl, which ___________ breaks down ________.

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 Susan Solomon: O3 is ________ which filters ___________ light

  2. Chapter 2 Susan Solomon: O3 is ozone which filters ultraviolet light

  3. CFCs are _______ _______by upper atmospheric _________ releasing Cl, which ___________ breaks down ________.

  4. CFCs are broken down by upper atmospheric radiation releasing Cl, which catalytically breaks down ozone

  5. CO2 and methane are ___________ gasses CO2 is also absorbed by the ocean forming ________ acid

  6. CO2 and methane are greenhouse gasses CO2 is also absorbed by the ocean forming carbonic acid

  7. I P C C

  8. Intergovernmental Panelon Climate Change

  9. 4 major elements in the human body: 1 2 3 4

  10. 4 major elements in the human body: • Oxygen _____% • Carbon _____% • Hydrogen _____% • Nitrogen _____%

  11. 4 major elements in the human body: • Oxygen 65% • Carbon 18.5% • Hydrogen 9.5% • Nitrogen 3.3%

  12. 7 minor elements in the human body: • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________ • _________

  13. 7 minor elements in the human body: • Calcium ____ % ____ • Phosphorus ____ % ____ • Potassium ____ % ____ • Sulfur ____ % ____ • Sodium ____ % ____ • Chlorine ____ % ____ • Magnesium ____ % ____

  14. 7 minor elements in the human body: • Calcium 1.5% Ca • Phosphorus 1.0% P • Potassium 0.4% K • Sulfur 0.3% S • Sodium 0.2% Na • Chlorine 0.2% Cl • Magnesium 0.1% Mg

  15. What are some of the toxic elements contained in serpentine rocks • ________ • ________ • ________ What is unique about the Tiburon Mariposa lily?

  16. What are some of the toxic elements contained in serpentine rocks Chromium Cobalt Nickel What is unique about the Tiburon Mariposa lily? It grows in serpentine soils

  17. An amu is an ______ ______ ________, also called a _______ Neutron ~ ___ _________ Proton ~ ___ _________ Electron ~ 0 daltons (0.0005 Dalton)

  18. An amu is an atomic mass unit, also called a Dalton Neutron ~ 1 dalton Proton ~ 1 dalton Electron ~ 0 daltons (0.0005 Dalton)

  19. What is the stable isotope of Na? ___/___ Na – ___ extra neutron

  20. What is the stable isotope of Na? 23/11 Na means 1 extra neutron

  21. What is the stable isotope of H? _/_ H – ____ neutrons

  22. What is the stable isotope of H? 1/1 H – no neutrons

  23. A radioactive _________spontaneously releases neutrons and sometimes protons from the nucleus

  24. A radioactive isotope spontaneously releases neutrons and sometimes protons from the nucleus

  25. Up, charm top are all +2/3 Down, strange, and bottom are all -1/3 Proton is uud net +1 Neutron is udd net 0 There are actually 6 quarks and 6 anti-quarks And 6 leptons and 6 anti-leptons

  26. Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide • Oxygen 8, valence 2 (10-8) – 65% • Carbon 6, valence 4 (10-6) – 18.5% • Hydrogen 1, valence 1 (2-1) – 9.5% • Nitrogen 7, valence 3 (10-7) – 3.3%

  27. Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide • Oxygen ___, valence 2 (10-8) – 65% • Carbon ___, valence 4 (10-6) – 18.5% • Hydrogen ___, valence 1 (2-1) – 9.5% • Nitrogen ___, valence 3 (10-7) – 3.3%

  28. Common biological elements – memorize and see next slide • Oxygen ___, valence ___ – 65% • Carbon ___, valence ___ – 18.5% • Hydrogen ___, valence ___ – 9.5% • Nitrogen ___, valence ___ – 3.3%

  29. Common biological elements • Oxygen ___, valence ___ – ___% • Carbon ___, valence ___ – ___% • Hydrogen ___, valence ___ – ___% • Nitrogen ___, valence ___ – ___%

  30. 1st shell ___ orbital with ____ electrons 2nd shell ___ orbital and 3 ____ orbitals with ____ electrons each

  31. 1st shell 1s orbital with 2 electrons 2nd shell 2s orbital and 3 2p orbitals with 2 electrons each

  32. 1st 3 rows of periodic table 1st row ____ shells 2nd row ____ shells 3rd row ____ shells Each columns has the same number of ________ _________

  33. 1st 3 rows of periodic table 1st row 1 shells 2nd row 2 shells 3rd row 3 shells Each columns has the same number of valence electrons

  34. Covalent bonds • Single bonds share _____valence electrons (i.e. H2) • Double bonds share _____valence electrons (i.e. O2) • H2 and O2 are _____ _________ – not compounds • Attraction of an atom for the covalent electrons is called __________ • H2 and O2 are ________ – equal electronegativity • H2O is _______ – O and H differ in electronegativity

  35. Covalent bonds • Single bonds share one valence electrons (i.e. H2) • Double bonds share 2 valence electrons (i.e. O2) • H2 and O2 are pure elements – not compounds • Attraction of an atom for the covalent electrons is called electronegativity • H2 and O2 are nonpolar – equal electronegativity • H2O is polar – O and H differ in electronegativity

  36. Ionic Bonds • When a very electronegative atom encounters a not so electronegative atom it can strip off an ______ like Na and Cl • Na becomes a positive _______ and Cl becomes a negative ______ • Then they are attracted to each other’s charge and form an _____ ______ • Called ______ • Examples Na___ and ___Cl2

  37. Ionic Bonds • When a very electronegative atom encounters a not so electronegative atom it can strip off an electron like Na and Cl • Na becomes a positive cationand Cl becomes a negative anion • Then they are attracted to each other’s charge and form an ionic bond • Called salts • Examples NaCl and MgCl2

  38. Weak Chemical Bonds • _________ bonds: • _____ _____ _____ interactions: Large shared ______ _____ and random minor _________

  39. Weak Chemical Bonds • Hydrogen bonds: • Van der Waals interactions: Large shared surface area and random minor polarization

  40. Molecular shape • Except for simplest of molecules _______bonds cause _______ to take new shapes

  41. Molecular shape • Except for simplest of molecules covalent bonds cause orbitals to take new shapes

  42. Molecular __________ is crucial in biology because it determines how biological molecules __________ and __________ to one another with specificity.

  43. Molecular shape is crucial in biology because it determines how biological molecules recognize and respond to one another with specificity.

  44. __________ drives the plant reaction: 6____ + 6_____  C6H12O6 + 6_______

  45. Photosynthesis drives the plant reaction: 6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2 (glucose)

  46. The point at which ________ offset one another exactly is called ________________ .

  47. The point at which reactions offset one another exactly is called chemical equilibrium.

  48. Cellular respiration Takes ________ and ________ and produces ________ and ________ ________

  49. Cellular respiration Takes glucose and oxygen and produces water and carbon dioxide

  50. End of Chapter 2

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