Motivation-Unit 8A Emotions, Stress and Health 8B (Myers Textbook)

1. Motivation-Unit 8AEmotions, Stress and Health 8B(Myers Textbook)

2. Objective • I will be able to apply what was learned about the theories of motivation (what causes us to behavior) on all assignments and tests with 80% accuracy

3. I will be able to answer these questions by the end of Unit 8A (Motivation) • What is motivation? • What motivates human behavior? • What are the theories of motivation for human behavior?

4. What motivates you: • To study • To Eat • To make friends • To get a boy/girlfriend • To work • To play sports • To climb a mountain Are these motives needs or wants?

5. Motivation Needs, wants or desires that directs behavior

6. Motivational Theories and Concepts 1. Evolutionary 2. Drive theories 3. Incentive theories 4. Arousal Theories 5. Humanistic Theories Sexual Orientation Eating-including disorders

7. Motivation • Instinct=a behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned (example=infants reflexes such as sucking) Tell me others.

8. Motivational Theories and Concepts • Motives/motivation – needs, wants, desires that direct behavior • Intrinsic motivation-motivation provided by an activity itself (climbing a mountain, playing golf, reading feels so good) and not by the consequence of that results • Extrinsic motivation-motivation derived from the consequence of an activity (chores lead to allowance, studying leads to good grade) • Drives-state of tension caused by biological –needs (hunger, thirst)-drives are internal

9. Motivational Theories and Concepts Primary drives-unlearned and found in all animals and motivate survival (hunger/thirst/sex) Secondary drives-acquired through learning(good grades, wealth, career)

10. Motivation Theories 1. Evolutionary theory – human motives are the product of evolution and goal is maximizing reproductive success, or passing on genes to the next generation Motives, such as achievement, dominance, aggression, affiliation and sex drive, have adaptive value

11. Motivation Theories 2. Drive Reduction theory –seeking homeostasis (equilibrium-stable state): I am driven by an internal, physiological need-this causes tension. When the drive (tension caused by a need) is satisfied, homeostasis is restored • Drive theories are push theories-internal states push us in certain directions

12. Motivation Theories Behavior is not only motivated by internal drives but by incentives 3. Incentive theories – regulated by external stimuli that pull us in a direction (A Pull Theory)-an external goal motivates behavior (a paycheck, a new car)

13. Arousal Theories Tell me of a task you find easy/boring. Tell me of a task you find very difficult.

14. Motivation Theories 4. Arousal Theories: Optimal Arousal Theory: people try to maintain ideal, stable level of arousal through various activities if boring day at school (low arousal) you are more motivated to do exciting (high arousal) activity that night-and visa versa One’s desired level of arousal directs motivation towards or away from activities

15. Motivation TheoriesArousal Theories Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance varies with arousal level and task difficulty For easy tasks (outlining), higher level of arousal increases performance For difficult tasks (taking AP exam), lower level of arousal increases performance Performance is worse in both high and low levels of arousal-too little physiological stimulation, you may not be able to organize behavior-too much emotion may overwhelm

16. Arousal TheoryYerkes - Dodson Law-Inverted U

17. Motivation Theories Rejects the tension reduction theory: Reversal Theory /opponent process theory of Motivation: -pairs of motivational states that give rise to patterns of motivation *the pairs are incompatible: • Serious-playful • Compliant-rebellious • tough minded-sensitive • Etc… *This theory explains human motivation in terms of reversals from one to the other of the opposing states *You are always in one or the other state-not both at same time

18. 5. Humanistic Theories of Motivation Believe people seek to build a positive self-concept and are motivated to fulfill their potential-this is an innate need

19. I need a list of ten “things” you must have in life to be content

20. Humanistic Theory-Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow predicted which needs we will be motivated to satisfy first-to Maslow, meeting these needs came in order

21. Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors • Lateral hypothalamus (controls hunger-known as feeding center of brain-when stimulated, animals eat) • ventromedial hypothalamus (controls feeling full/satisfied) Must read p. 333 for important info. • Paraventricular nucleus in hypothalamus –believed to regulate the drive to eat specific foods Howdoes the brain do this? • Glucose (simple sugar, energy source) and digestive regulation • the rise (no hunger) and fall (hunger) of blood sugar-glucose- regulates hunger and feeling satisfied • When blood sugars drops, hypothalamus puts out huger triggering hormone, Orexin • Ghrelin-hormone secreted by empty stomach

22. Motivation of Hunger and Eating-1. Biological Factors Hormonal regulation • Insulin : hormone secreted by the pancreas-insulin is associated with increased hunger-increased insulin=drop in glucose and hunger results • Leptin: produced by fat cells and released into the bloodstream-if levels are high, the hypothalamus is notified, and hunger decreases • Leptin directly influences desire to eat

23. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: 3 Environmental Factors What is a typical odd food in your culture?

24. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: 2. Environmental Factors 1.Learned preferences and habits (this is social learning due to exposure)=when and what we eat 2.Food-related cues=smell, sight, or thought of food 3.Stress

25. 1. Learned preferences and habits (this is social learning) -Exposure: some eat snakes, grasshoppers, burgers -When, as well as what we eat are learned habits YUM-Scorpion Soup (Bangkok)

26. 2. Food-related cues Appearance, odor (serves as an incentive to eat and arouses hunger)-the mere sight, smell, or thought of food increases insulin and decreases glucose in cells

27. 3. Stress Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating, especially among chronic dieters

28. Eating and Weight-The Roots to Obesity • BMI of 25 to 29.9-overweight • BMI of 30 and above is obese • *Body Mass Index (weight divided by height-squared)

29. Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Obesity –BMI of 30 or more • Evolutionary explanations-competition for food in past, so we eat more food than needed when it’s available • Genetic predisposition-adoptees resemble their birth parents BMI more than adoptive parents • Twin Studies-identical twins reared (raised) apart were more similar in BMI than fraternal twins reared together • Read page 344 about social influence

30. Eating and Weight-The Roots of Obesity • set point theory -body monitors fat cells to keep them stable and us at our ideal weight When we go below set point weight, we will have increased hunger and slowing of metabolism When we go above set point decrease hunger increase metabolism basal metabolic rate= the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

31. Eating and Weight-The Roots of Obesity Settling Point Theory more likely: • Level at which a person’s weight settles in response to calorie intake and expenditure or outflow • Changes in dietary restraints (how much control we have in what we eat) contribute to obesity; influenced by biology and environment

32. Eating Disorders 1. Anorexia Nervosa: dramatic drop in calories, see self as obese even after significant weight loss, no menstrual cycle-most are 15% below normal body weight Most are white, upper or middle class females Otherwise have a normal childhood and adolescence ½ have a binge-purge-depression cycle Causes uncertain-the pursuit of perfection and influence by the media/culture to be thin

33. Eating Disorders 2. Bulimia: Binging and purging (vomiting, exercise, laxatives)-mostly women-normal to slightly above normal weight -Starts at about age18 -Upper-Middle and Upper Class women -Hypersensitive to social interactions -A history of clinical depression -Low self-esteem 3. Binge eating Disorder binging with guilt but no purging or excessive exercising Read page 337

34. Eating Disorders • Anorexia and Bulimia does occur in men • A related issue in young men: Muscle Dysmorphia-usually muscular , obsesses with muscle size, feel puny, spend much time fretting over diet/exercise to increase muscle mass

35. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire • Hormonal Regulation Secreted by gonads (ovaries and testes) • Estrogens in females • Androgens in males -Testosterone (sex drive hormone)-is an androgen • These play a larger part in animal sexual behavior more than in humans-They do (esp. testosterone levels) contribute a small amount to human sexual desire

36. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Sexual motivation is vital for continuation of any species-primary task for most living organisms is Reproduction Human sex is motivated by biological, psychological and social factors See chart p. 351

37. Sexual Motivation and Behavior-Determining Desire Pheromones-secreted by animals and signals/attract prospective mates through the scent of smell

38. The Mystery of Sexual Orientation • Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual (Alfred Kinsey Scale-1940s) • A continuum • Theories explaining homosexuality • Environmental-Nurture (Freud-weak detached father, poor role model; overprotective, overbearing mom with whom the boy identifies; Behavioral-learned preference when same sex stimuli are paired with sexual arousal possibly when seduced by adult homosexual)-neither theory is proven • Biological-Nature (due to genetic-twin studies suggest this; anterior hypothalamus-maybe due to prenatal hormones- is smaller in gay men and in women; prenatal hormonal secretions may be responsible) • Brain, scent, and sexual orientation (see p.357) • Not all identical twins share sexual orientation

39. The Sexual Response Cycle • Read about the four stages on page 349 • Read about the refractory period on page 349

40. Achievement Motivation

41. Achievement Motive What motivates people to push themselves hard? Climb mount Everest? • Achievement Motive: The need to excel and overcome obstacles, to meet high standards, to outperform others It’s believed that achievement motive is due to parent practices TAT (Thematic Apperception Test)-Set of ambiguous/vague pictures of people: those high in Achievement Motive or Need will explain that the people in the pictures are accomplishing great tasks

42. Need to Achieve a high degree of competitiveness may interfere with achievement Why?????

43. Achievement & Affiliation Motivation People with a high need for achievement work harder, are more persistent, handle negative feedback better and are more future oriented-delay gratification Affiliation Motive-people high in this need, need to be with other people Affiliation Motive is aroused when people feel threatened, anxious or celebratory Tend and befriend (seek out others/help others in times of high stress)-women more likely to do this

44. Other Motives-The Need for Contact • Harry Harlow-Contact Comfort (1958) • Primates possess a strong need for contact • The need for affection, cuddling and closeness associated with contact motive • Failure to thrive • Premature infants

45. Work Motivation Two theories explain how people respond under different work condition: Expectancy Theory: people are motivated when they expect efforts and job performance to result in good outcomes Equity Theory: people want to make sure they are being treated fairly, that their inputs (the amount of work they do) and their outcomes (pay) are the same as others If things are fair/equitable, people have work satisfaction

46. Aggression Motive • Collectivists cultures lower in rates of aggression • Males are more verbally and physically aggressive (testosterone) • Emotion of frustration closely linked to aggression • Freud: we relieve internal pressure from a natural bodily need for aggression (Catharsis)

47. EmotionUnit 8B1. How do our emotions work?

48. Emotions • Emotions are related to motivation People are more motivated to perform activities that produce positive emotions (happiness) than in activities that produce negative emotions (anger or fear)

49. Functions of Emotion • Emotion gets you moving towards goals -I love her so much, I will fight to protect and be near her • Emotions direct how you function in social situations

50. The Definition of Emotion *EMOTION DEFINED: A response of the whole organism involving • Physiological arousal (heart pounds) • Expressive behavior (smile, cry, run, laugh) • Conscious experience (I feel happy, sad, etc…) to specific events, relatively short lived and relatively intense • Moods - less intense and may last several days (may be a weak connection between moods and triggering events)