Sun is 333,000 times the mass of the earth. 150 million km far from the earth

12. Sun is 333,000 times the mass of the earth. 150 million km far from the earth • The Sun and the Earth are 92,955,807 miles away from each other.The Sun and the Earth are 149,597,870.700 kilometers apart.The Sun and the Earth are 8.317 light-minutes apart.

13. Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our own, is still 39,900,000,000,000 km away. Proxima Centauri is 4.22 light years away.

14. There are 100 billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy/ 100 billion times the mass of the Sun.

15. Large Image: Galaxies Collide in the Antennae Galaxies (NASA, Chandra, Hubble, Spitzer, 08/05/10) [Explored] Editor's Note: A larger version of the image I posted earlier. By request. :) A beautiful new image of two colliding galaxies has been released by NASA's Great Observatories. The Antennae galaxies, located about 62 million light years from Earth, are shown in this composite image from the Chandra X-ray Observatory (blue), the Hubble Space Telescope (gold), and the Spitzer Space Telescope (red). The collision, which began more than 100 million years ago and is still occurring, has triggered the formation of millions of stars in clouds of dusts and gas in the galaxies. The most massive of these young stars have already sped through their evolution in a few million years and exploded as supernovas. The X-ray image from Chandra shows huge clouds of hot, interstellar gas that have been injected with rich deposits of elements from supernova explosions. This enriched gas, which includes elements such as oxygen, iron, magnesium and silicon, will be incorporated into new generations of stars and planets. The bright, point-like sources in the image are produced by material falling onto black holes and neutron stars that are remnants of the massive stars. Some of these black holes may have masses that are almost one hundred times that of the Sun.

16. The Flame Nebula sits on the eastern hip of Orion the Hunter, a constellation most easily visible in the northern hemisphere during winter evenings. This view of the Flame nebula from WISE, NASA’s Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, shows an expanded view over one previously released of this enormous space cloud http://wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/gallery_FlameNebula.html).

17. Hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe

18. radiation from the farthest reaches of the universe which had been left over from the Big Bang. This discovery of the radioactive aftermath of the initial explosion lent much credence to the Big Bang theory/ Hubble expanding universe Hydrogen- Helium – Lithium – Beryllium – Boron -Carbon In June, 1995, scientists were able to detect primordial helium, such as deuterium, in the far reaches of the universe. These findings are consistent with an important aspect of the Big Bang theory that a mixture of hydrogen and helium was created at the beginning of the universe.  In addition, the Hubble telescope, named after the father of Big Bang theory, has provided certain clues as to what elements were present following creation. Astronomers using Hubble have found the element boron in extremely ancient stars. They postulate that its presence could be either a remnant of energetic events at the birth of galaxies or it could indicate that boron is even older, dating back to the Big Bang itself. If the latter is true, scientists will be forced once again to modify their theory for the birth of the universe and events immediately afterward because, according to the present theory, such a heavy and complex atom could not have existed.

21. LIFE! • Coincidence of life 10 raised to the negative 301 power (Biochemist H. Quasler)

22. Deoxyribonucleic acid- molecules that store information that get passed through the generations

23. Stromatolytes

24. The oldest eukaryotic fossil is approximately 1.5 billion years old. The origin of the eukaryotes must have appeared before because the fossil is of a relative complex single-celled organism.

26. Aerobic Respiration

27. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is considered by biologists to be the energy currency of life. It is the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to do just about everything we do. It is present in the cytoplasm and nucleoplasm of every cell, and essentially all the physiological mechanisms that require energy for operation obtain it directly from the stored ATP. (Guyton) As food in the cells is gradually oxidized, the released energy is used to re-form the ATP so that the cell always maintains a supply of this essential molecule. Karp quotes an estimate that more than 2 x 1026 molecules or >160kg of ATP is formed in the human body daily! ATP is remarkable for its ability to enter into many coupled reactions, both those to food to extract energy and with the reactions in other physiological processes to provide energy to them. In animal systems, the ATP is synthesized in the tiny energy factories called mitochondria.

28. Multicellular Life • One can define Life to be an ordered system that can sustain itself against the tendency to disorder and can reproduce itself. That is, it can make similar, but independent, ordered systems. To do these things the system must convert energy in some ordered form, life food, sunlight or electric power, into disordered energy in the form of heat. In this way the system can satisfy the requirement that the total amount of disorder increases while at the same time increasing the order in itself and its offspring.  • Stephen Hawking

29. Multicellular Organisms reproduce by means of sexual reproduction. Multicellular Organisms have a complex anatomy because of the various cell organelles that control the functions of the organism. Since there are more than one cell in their body, they are classified into germ cells that are the reproductive cells and somatic cells that help in body growth by cell division. Multicellular organisms have a very well coordinated cell division process in order to prevent abnormal cell division and growth.The different cells in a multicellular organism may be the Nerve Cells, Skin cells, Cardiac cells, Epithelial cells, Connective Tissue Cells,BloodCells,Bone Cells, Muscle Cellsetc.Each of these cells have their own specific functions which helps in the overall functioning of the body.

31. Chemical Evolution (1 billion years) Formation of the earth’s early crust and atmosphere Small organic molecules form in the seas Large organic molecules (biopolymers) form in the seas First protocells form in the seas Biological Evolution (3.7 billion years) Single-cell prokaryotes form in the seas Single-cell eukaryotes form in the seas Variety of multicellular organisms form, first in the seas and later on land Summary of Evolution of Life

36. Primates- from genus homo; homo sapiens as a distinct species of hominids or great apes.

38. Fossil Record • Most of what we know of the history of life on earth comes from fossils (SJ Gould) • Give us physical evidence of organisms • Show us internal structure • Uneven and incomplete record of species • We have fossils for 1% of species believed to have lived on earth • Some organisms left no fossils, others decomposed, others have yet to be found. • Other info from ancient rocks, ice core, DNA

39. Bipedalism: Ardipithecus and Austrolopithecus 2.5 million years ago

40. Homo Habilis: Tool Making (opposable thumb) 1.5-2.5 million years ago Simple Pebble stone tools eventually developed in into Flint, knives, hand axes, blades, choppers, spearpoints, skinners out of stone and bone. (story of the mutant)

41. Homo Erectus: doubling of the size of the brain (encephalization); discovery of fire; use of spoken language! 250,000-1.6 million years ago (java man and peking man)

42. Neanderthal Man 100,000 to 40,000 years ago (sub species homo neanderthalensis) • Sweat glands • Developed rituals to bury dead, success- ful hunts, (religion) • Balance • Resistance to Viruses and Parasites • Genocide from the hands of Homo sapiens

43. Homo sapiens: thinking

44. Early homo sapiens sapiens: Cromagnon man • Great Leap Forward: • Burying dead • Use of animal hides for clothing. • Technology of trapping pits, driving animals off cliffs, fish hooks, buttons, bone needles • Art: jewelry, cave paintings, sculptures of birds and animals, Mother Goddess Religion • Music: flute • More dependent on technology than brute force. • (extra corporeal equipment)

45. Altamira, SpainCave Paintings

46. Lascaux, France cave paintings

48. Manungul Burial Jar

49. . The Manunggul burial jar was unique in all respects. Dating back to the late Neolithic Period (around 710 B.C.),  Robert Fox described the jar in his landmark work on the Tabon Caves: The burial jar with a cover featuring a ship-of-the-dead is perhaps unrivalled in Southeast Asia; the work of an artist and master potter. This vessel provides a clear example of a cultural link between the archaeological past and the ethnographic present. The boatman is steering rather than padding the "ship." The mast of the boat was not recovered. Both figures appear to be wearing a band tied over the crown of The head and under the jaw; a pattern still encountered in burial practices among the indigenous peoples in Southern Philippines.

50. Farming and herding in the New Stone Age (CatalHuyuk) farming, herding, settlements, weaving, pottery, work with metals, barter, private property; specialization of labor