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Notebook page 93 Packet 10 Page 1

Covalent Bonding. Notebook page 93 Packet 10 Page 1. Review of Chemistry- Packet 10, Page 1 Individually and silently, you have 8 minutes to finish. Use your notes in Packet 9 if necessary. . The smallest particle of matter that retains its chemical properties is called an _______________.

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Notebook page 93 Packet 10 Page 1

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  1. Covalent Bonding Notebook page 93Packet 10 Page 1

  2. Review of Chemistry- Packet 10, Page 1Individually and silently, you have 8 minutes to finish. Use your notes in Packet 9 if necessary. • The smallest particle of matter that retains its chemical properties is called an _______________. • The subatomic particles in an atom are called ___________, ____________, and ____________. • Neutral atoms have equal numbers of __________ and ____________. • The horizontalrows in a periodic table are called _____________. • The verticalcolumns on a periodic table are called ______________. • Elements in Groups ______ are the most reactive. These groups are called ____________________________. • Elements in Group ___ are the most non-reactive. This group is called ______________________. • Each group/family of the periodic table has elements with chemical characteristics that are (circle one): exactly the same / similar / different / exactly opposite • If an atom had the same properties as fluorine, it would probably be located in _____________________. • atom • protons • neutrons • electrons • protons • electrons • periods • groups • 1 & 17 • Alkali Metals & Halogens • 18 • Noble Gases • Group 17, Halogens

  3. When atoms bond, only electrons in the outer (valence) shell are involved. Valence electrons are shown with Lewis Dot Diagrams. Below, draw the Lewis diagrams for the first 20 elements.

  4. Introduction to Bonding Bond: (def.) A bond is the combining of atoms from various elements to form a new substance 6.2- TSW EXPLAIN THAT COMPOUNDS FORM WHEN TWO OR MORE DIFFERENT KINDS OF ATOMS BOND.

  5. Molecules vs. Compounds When atoms bond together, they combine to form a molecule or a compound • 6.4- TSW COMPARE AND CONTRAST MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS. • Molecule– a combination of 2 or more atoms that are bonded together • Ex:H2, O2, O3, N2 • Compound – a molecule that contains at least 2 different elements • Ex: H2O, C6H12O6, CH4

  6. A chemical bond… • Is the strongest bond that can hold atoms together • Is determined by the atomic structure of each atom • Occurs in the valence electron shell • Three types of chemical bonds: CovalentIonicMetallic

  7. Bohr Model- Adopt An Atom/Molecule Review: Raise your hand to answer questions… • Where do we find electrons? Charge? • Orbiting the nucleus; negatively charged • Where do we find protons? Charge? • Inside the nucleus; positively charged • Where do we find neutrons? Charge? • Inside the nucleus; neutrally charged • Where is the nucleus? Charge? • In the center of the atom; positively charged • Overall charge of an atom? • Neutrally charged • How do we know how many protons an atom has? • Atomic number • How do we know how many electrons an atom has? • Same number as the protons or atomic number • How do we know how many neutrons an atom has? • Difference between the atomic mass and the atomic number

  8. CRT- Physical Science Vocabulary Review • Use Sciencesaurus books to complete Physical Science vocabulary in CRT Packets • If you finish early, • Work on Crossword Puzzles in Packet 9 • Work ahead on Physical Science multiple choice

  9. Objective 03/12/2013 Page 94 SWBAT differentiate between covalent, metallic and ionic bonds through review, notes and practice. Jumpstart What is the difference between an atom, molecule and compound? Explain each. Outro Complete your DMHO Constructed Response.

  10. Types of Chemical Bonds Notebook page 95Packet 10 Page 2

  11. Covalent Bonds- Packet 10, Page 2 • The “nice” bonds  • Covalent bonds form when atoms share their electrons to become more stable *Occurs between non-metals and non-metals

  12. Properties of Covalent Bonds • Weak bonds – can be easily separated • Low melting and boiling points (Often found in liquids and gases) • Poor conductors • Examples: • Water: H2O • Oxygen gas: O2 • Ammonia: NH3 • Methane gas: CH4 They share! They share too! 

  13. Methane: CH4 • 21 times more powerful greenhouse gas than CO2 • Responsible for nearly as much global warming as all other non-CO2 greenhouse gases put together • Produced when organic matter decays • Naturally by farm animals (like cows) Great news on our greenhouse targets, we’ve bred a cow that doesn’t release any methane!

  14. Metallic Bonds • The “hippie” bonds  • Metallic bonds occur when atoms (metal) share their “free” valence electrons with other atoms (metal) so that every atom will be stable *Occur between atoms of two or more metals

  15. Properties of Metallic Bonds • Loosely held electrons move freely from atom to atom • Malleable and ductile • Good conductors • Ex: Copper, Gold, Silver, Aluminum

  16. Ionic Bonds • The “greedy”  or “generous”  bonds • Form when one atom takes electrons from another atom so that both atoms can become stable • *Results in ions: cations (+) and anions (-) that attract to one another *Ionic bonds form between metals and non-metals

  17. Properties of Ionic Bonds • Strong bonds between atoms • Crystalline structures • Solid state of matter • High melting point and boiling points • Good conductors of electricity • Ex: NaCl

  18. The Nature of the Ionic Bond • Held together by strong attractions between the positive and negative charges • Remember: • The cation is the positively (+) charged ion • The anion is the negatively (-) charged ion • The greater the charge, the greater the attraction

  19. Example of an Ionic Bond: NaCl • Table salt (NaCl) is a compound formed when sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl) combine through ionic bonds • Na - loses its electron, becomes a positively charged ion (cation) called Na+ • Cl - gains an electron, becomes a negatively charged ion (anion) called Cl- • Becomes two attracting ions, Na+Cl-

  20. Objective 03/113/2013 Page 96 SWBAT practice reading and drawing chemical formulas to decipher between a covalent, ionic or metallic bond. Jumpstart What makes an atom ionic? What is the difference between a cation and an anion? Outro Complete your DMHO Constructed Response.

  21. Reading Chemical Formulas Notebook page 97Packet 10 Page 3

  22. Packet 10, Page 3-Use your Periodic Table to practice classifying these compounds as having covalent or ionic bonds… • CaCl3 • H2O • LiBr • NaF • MgO • CH4 Ionic bond (Ca – metal, Cl – non-metal) Covalent bond (H – non-metal, O – non-metal) Ionic bond (Li – metal, Br – non-metal) Ionic bond (Na – metal, F – non-metal) Ionic bond (Mg – metal, O – non-metal) Covalent bond (C – non-metal, H – non-metal)

  23. Counting Atoms in a Compound • Compounds are made up of different types of elements, with varying numbers of each atom • The way to represent this quickly and efficiently is by using a chemical formula • A chemical formula tells: • which elements are in the compound • the exact number of each type of atom

  24. Interpreting Chemical Formulas C6H12O6 • Subscript- The little numbers in chemical formulas that tell you how many of that atom are in the molecule • “Sub" means “under/below” • Coefficient- The big number in front of a chemical formula that tells you how many molecules there are The atomic symbol depicts each atom in the molecule The subscripted number represents the number of each atom • C6= 6 atoms of carbonH12 = 12 atoms of hydrogenO6 = 6 atoms of oxygen

  25. Interpreting Chemical Formulas Be(OH)2 The parentheses show a smaller molecule within the larger compound Beryllium hydroxide This number outside the parenthesis (subscript) represents the number of molecules within the compound • (OH)2 –2 molecules of OH • 2 atoms of oxygen • 2 atoms of hydrogen • Be – 1 atom ofberyllium in the molecule

  26. Interpreting Chemical Formulas 3CO2 The coefficient tells you the number of molecules of the compound, and applies to every element in the molecule. • 3 molecules of CO2 • 3 atoms of Carbon • 6 atoms of Oxygen

  27. Practice Counting Atoms in a Compound (1) Calcium, (2) Fluorine • CaF2 _____________________________________________ • Be(OH)2 __________________________________________ • 3NO2 _____________________________________________ • Al2(SO4)3 _________________________________________ • NH4NO3 __________________________________________ • S2F2 _____________________________________________ • 2Na2CO3 __________________________________________ • CH4 ______________________________________________ (1) Beryllium, (2) Oxygen, (2) Hydrogen (3) Nitrogen, (6) Oxygen (2) Aluminum, (3) Sulfur, (12) Oxygen (2) Nitrogen, (4) Hydrogen, (3) Oxygen (2) Sulfur, (2) Fluorine (4) Sodium, (2) Carbon, (6) Oxygen (1) Carbon, (4) Hydrogen

  28. Drawing Covalent Chemical Bond “Skeletons” from Formulas- Page 3 What atoms are in these molecules? How many of each? Draw it! • O2 • (2) Oxygen • H2 • (2) Hydrogen • O3 • (3) Oxygen • Cl2 • (2) Chlorine • CO2 • (1) Carbon, (2) Oxygen • 3CO2 • (3) Carbon, (6) Oxygen • O-O • H-H • O-O-O • Cl-Cl • NOT: Cl-l • O-C-O • O-C-O • O-C-O • O-C-O

  29. Objective 03/113/2013 Page 96 SWBAT practice reading and drawing chemical formulas to decipher between a covalent, ionic or metallic bond. Jumpstart What makes an atom ionic? What is the difference between a cation and an anion? Outro Complete your DMHO Constructed Response.

  30. ‘The Dangers of Dihydrogen Monoxide’ *Warning: what you are about to read is very real.

  31. The Dangers of Dihydrogen Monoxide • What are some of the dangers of exposure to DHMO? • What symptoms are exhibited when you have been exposed to it? • Where might you have come into contact with DHMO? • Why has the government refused to ban this substance? • Do you feel that economic reasons are reasons enough to allow the use of a harmful substance? • What criteria should be in place for the government to determine the ban for a substance as potentially as harmful as this?

  32. DHMO Persuasive Letter Due Today • What are some of the dangers of exposure to DHMO? • Prolonged exposure to its solid form causes severe tissue damage. For those who have become dependent upon this compound, DHMO withdrawal means certain death. • What symptoms are exhibited when you have been exposed to it? • Symptoms of DHMO ingestion can include excessive sweating and urination, bloating, nausea, vomiting and an electrolyte imbalance in the body. • Where might you have come into contact with DHMO? • Swimming in a lake, pond, stream or pool, acid rain, etc. • Why has the government refused to ban this substance? • The government refuses to ban DHMO because of its "importance to the economic health of this nation." • Do you feel that economic reasons are reasons enough to allow the use of a harmful substance?. • Answers will vary • What criteria should be in place for the government to determine the ban for a substance as potentially as harmful as this? • Something that can hurt, kill or maim its citizens should not be allowed.

  33. Write a persuasive letter for or against the ban of DHMO • 1st¶- Introduction • Establish your position: For or against the ban of DHMO • Should be clear and concise • 2nd¶- Argument • Three points of argument (number them!!) • Back up each of your statements with evidence from the article • Respond to points in the article that are contrary to your argument • 3rd¶- Concluding statement • Reiterate your position and make your final plea Address your letter to a member of the U.S. Government (i.e. President, Governor)

  34. Objective 03/15/2013 Page 98 SWBAT practice drawing covalent bonds through notes and working collaboratively. Jumpstart Count the atoms of each element in the following: • CuSO4 • (1) Copper, (1) Sulfur, (4) Oxygen • 3KMnO4 • (3) Potassium, (3) Manganese, (12) Oxygen • Ca(ClO4)2 • (1) Calcium, (2) Chlorine, (8) Oxygen • 2(NH4)3PO4 • (6) Nitrogen, (24) Hydrogen, (2) Phosphorus, (8) Oxygen

  35. Drawing Covalent Bonds Notebook page 99Packet 10 Page 4

  36. Thursday 3/14/2012 • 3D Bohr Model DUE! • Take out Project Grading Rubric

  37. Practice Drawing Lewis Dot Structuresat the top margin of page 4 • H • Na • Cl • What does the number of dots around the atomic symbol represent?? • The number of valence electrons

  38. The Rule of 8 Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they have eight valence electrons. UFC OCTagon OCTet Rule OCTapus OCTomom OCTagon

  39. Building Covalent Bonds • Note: Hydrogen is content with 2 electrons, not 8. • Covalent bonds are formed between non-metals and non-metals Cl H H-Cl Chlorine and Hydrogen will share their electrons Cl H

  40. Drawing Covalent Bonds • Bonding Pair- pairs of shared electrons within the molecule • Lone Pair- a pair of electrons in the valence shell of an atom that does not participate in bonding • Single bondsoccur when a single pair of electrons are shared between atoms Ex: NH3 Ammonia H H H H H N H H N H N H

  41. Hydrogen Gas H H H H2 H H-H Chlorine Gas Cl Cl Cl2 Cl Cl-Cl Cl

  42. Building Covalent Bonds Double Bonds Ex: O2 Oxygen gas • Double Bonds occur when atoms share two pairs of electrons O O O O O= O

  43. Building Covalent Bonds Triple Bonds Ex: N2 Nitrogen gas • Triple Bondsform when atoms share three pairs of electrons N N N N N N

  44. Carbon dioxide O C O O=C=O Water H-O-H

  45. ACC: Dimethyl ether Structural Formula

  46. ‘The Dangers of Dihydrogen Monoxide’ *Warning: what you are about to read is very real.

  47. The Dangers of Dihydrogen Monoxide • What are some of the dangers of exposure to DHMO? • What symptoms are exhibited when you have been exposed to it? • Where might you have come into contact with DHMO? • Why has the government refused to ban this substance? • Do you feel that economic reasons are reasons enough to allow the use of a harmful substance? • What criteria should be in place for the government to determine the ban for a substance as potentially as harmful as this?

  48. DHMO Persuasive Letter Due Today • What are some of the dangers of exposure to DHMO? • Prolonged exposure to its solid form causes severe tissue damage. For those who have become dependent upon this compound, DHMO withdrawal means certain death. • What symptoms are exhibited when you have been exposed to it? • Symptoms of DHMO ingestion can include excessive sweating and urination, bloating, nausea, vomiting and an electrolyte imbalance in the body. • Where might you have come into contact with DHMO? • Swimming in a lake, pond, stream or pool, acid rain, etc. • Why has the government refused to ban this substance? • The government refuses to ban DHMO because of its "importance to the economic health of this nation." • Do you feel that economic reasons are reasons enough to allow the use of a harmful substance?. • Answers will vary • What criteria should be in place for the government to determine the ban for a substance as potentially as harmful as this? • Something that can hurt, kill or maim its citizens should not be allowed.

  49. Write a persuasive letter for or against the ban of DHMO • 1st¶- Introduction • Establish your position: For or against the ban of DHMO • Should be clear and concise • 2nd¶- Argument • Three points of argument (number them!!) • Back up each of your statements with evidence from the article • Respond to points in the article that are contrary to your argument • 3rd¶- Concluding statement • Reiterate your position and make your final plea Address your letter to a member of the U.S. Government (i.e. President, Governor)

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