奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding

2. Quality forage feeding is foundation of dairy business Good forage feeding is basis to good nutrition Consider your investment, cow is 15 - 35,000 RMB Why would you not want to feed her properly to get the best return? If you can’t afford to operate a Mercedes, why buy such an expensive car? 用优质饲料饲养奶牛是乳品业的基础 用优质饲料饲喂是奶牛获取营养物质的基础 买一头奶牛的投资为15 ,000 - 35,000 元 你为什么不采用合理的方式饲养奶牛以获取最高的回报？ 如果你承担不起养奔驰车的费用为什么还买这么昂贵的车呢？ 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding Baz Fritz, Sustainable Agricultural Development II

5. 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding • Once you commit to the industry by the purchase of a cow, her pay back depends on feed/care for her. • If you are going to feed a poor and inadequate diet, top genetics not profitable • With a Mercedes you get an operators manual, we should get one with a dairy cow purchase, ”how to operate” • 一旦你买奶牛,它的回报将由饲养方式来决定 • 如果用劣质饲料来饲养奶牛且饲喂量也不足,再优良的奶牛也无法取得好的效益 • 像买奔驰车时随赠操作说明一样,我们买奶牛时也应提供“饲养奶牛手册”

6. 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding • Dairy cow is a ruminant! An animal that chews its cud, has 4 stomach compartments • Pigs and man have one compartment • Other 3 compartments assist in digestion of fiber. • This difference allows ruminants to use feed no other animals can • Capacity of stomach is like 200 kg barrel with bacteria and protozoa • 奶牛是反刍动物,其 胃由4个胃室组成,并且与其它反刍动物一样进行反刍活动 • 人和猪是单胃动物 • 瘤胃,网胃,瓣胃3个胃室消化纤维 • 反刍动物这种独特的胃结构帮助它们消化非反刍动物难以消化的食物 • 反刍动物的胃就如一个200kg的包含细菌和原生动物的大桶

8. Concept of Fiber: Minimum amount of fiber needed to keep stomach working efficiently Has been referred to as the scratch factor Woody portion of a feed, relatively indigestible Some fiber required, excess can impact the system, low production (19-21% ADF) The reason and animal chews its cud 纤维的概念: 反刍家畜需要一个最低纤维量来维持正常的瘤胃活动. 纤维通常被认为是饲料中最粗糟的因素 是饲料中不易被消化的木质部分 对纤维物质的需求量较少,过多会对影响家畜消化，并导致减产 纤维是家畜反刍的原因 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding

13. 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding • Same stomach as other ruminants but much more production • Dairy cow is a fine, well bred milking machine • Therefore need quality forage to produce maintenance plus milk what the Holstein cow bred for. • This doesn’t mean cow can produce miracles by feeding straw • 即使奶牛胃结构与其它反刍动物相同,但其生产力远高于它们 • 奶牛就像是一台性能良好的产奶机 • 正如饲养荷斯坦奶牛一样, 奶牛需要优质饲料来维持生命和产奶 • 用玉米秸秆饲养的奶牛不可能创造出牛奶高产的奇迹

14. 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding Pig猪 4 Cow牛 2 3 4 1 ************** ********************** ********

15. 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding • High quality forage implies, low fiber, high protein, high minerals and vitamins • Minimum amounts of fiber keeps gut and digestive system functioning well • Straw as only forage and concentrate results in low fiber as cow consumes little straw and excess grain. • 优质饲料是指含有低纤维,高蛋白,高矿物质和维生素的饲料 • 奶牛需要一个最低纤维量保证内脏和消化系统的正常功能 • 用秸秆与精料的混合饲料饲喂奶牛时,由于喜食精料中的谷类而不食秸秆，最终使奶牛缺乏纤维物质

16. 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding • Feeds divided into 2 main categories: 1)Roughages 2) Concentrates • Roughages: make up about 40- 60% of diet • Roughage or forages are usually relatively high fiber • Can be legumes or grasses • Can be pasture or hay • Can be silage • 饲料可分为2大类: 1)粗料 2) 精料 • 粗料:占奶牛日粮的40-60% • 粗料和牧草中纤维含量较高 • 粗料可以是豆科或禾本科植物 • 粗料可以是草地牧草或干草 • 粗料可以是青储饲料

17. 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding Concentrate • All other feeds, including grain, protein supplement and vitamin, mineral premix • Tend to be low in fiber, high in energy and/or protein, minerals and vitamins • Include corn grain, rapeseed cake, soy meal, 18% dairy ration. • 精料 • 是指除上述粗料外的其它饲料，包括谷类,蛋白质补充料,维生素和矿物质预混料 • 精料中纤维含量低, 能量/蛋白质，矿物质和维生素的含量高 • 包括玉米,菜籽饼,豆饼, 18%的奶牛精补料

18. 饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TABLE

19. 饲料营养成分表 FEED COMPOSITION TABLE

20. 奶牛泌乳曲线 Dairy Cattle Lactation Curve 45.3 日产奶量(kg) Daily Milk (kg) 36.3 27.2 18.1 9.0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 产奶天数 Days in Milk Production Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual

21. Daily Milk (kg) 奶牛泌乳曲线 Dairy Cow Lactation Curve 标准泌乳曲线 Normal Lactation curve 45.3 日产奶量(kg) Daily Milk (kg) 日粮供应不足时的泌乳曲线 Lactation curve where insufficient dairy ration supplied 36.3 27.2 损失的奶量 Lost milk production 18.1 9.0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 产奶天数 Days in Milk Production Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual

22. 奶牛泌乳曲线 Dairy Cow Lactation Curve 标准泌乳曲线 normal lactation curve 45.3 干奶方式不正确，以及饲喂劣质饲料造成营养极度不良的奶牛泌乳曲线Lactation curve with poor dry cow program & overall poor nutrition, i.e.. poor forage 日产奶量(kg) Daily milk (kg) 36.3 27.2 损失的奶量 Lost milk production 18.1 9.0 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 产奶天数 Days in Milk Production Adapted from Manitoba Dairy Manual

23. Signs of Stress Low milk production low butterfat reduced feed intake variable feed intake inconsistent manure change in temperament/behavior signs from other stock/ age difference more specific feed stress signs discussed in second presentation 奶牛应急反应症状 产奶量降低 乳脂减少 采食量减少 采食量变化大 排泄异常 家畜性情和行为的改变 造成家畜个体之间和各年龄组之间的差异 下一个讲座中将进一步讨论家畜对更为具体的饲养应急反应的特征 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding

24. Feed makes up 5 class of nutrients 1) Water 2) Energy 3) Protein 4) Minerals 5) Vitamins These nutrients essential for Maintenance Growth Production Reproduction Immunity disease resistance 饲料是由5种营养物组成 1) 水 2) 能量 3) 蛋白质 4) 矿物质 5) 维生素 这些营养物对家畜的作用: 维持正常功能 生长发育 生产 繁殖 增强奶牛免疫和抗病能力 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding & 纤维 & FIBER

33. Summary Quality forage is base of dairy industry Cow needs quality and consistency We are feeding microbes Minimum amount of fiber needed Feed to genetic potential Feed is made up of roughage and concentrates Dairy operator responsible to provide balance of forage and concentrates Feed is made up of nutrients 总结 优质饲料是乳品业的基础 奶牛需要长期饲喂优质饲料 饲喂奶牛的同时，要考虑奶牛瘤胃微生物的活动条件 奶牛需采食一个最低量的纤维物质 用优质饲料饲养奶牛发挥其遗传潜力 饲料可分为粗料和精料两大类 牧场经营者应平衡奶牛饲料中的草料和精料的比例 饲料中含有多种营养物质 奶牛饲养导论 Introduction to Dairy Feeding