Russian Revolution

1. Russian Revolution Chapter 14: Section 1: pp. 433- 439 Ms.Garratt

2. Russo-Japanese War • War erupted when Russia violated agreements over Korea & Manchuria • War revealed Russian military weaknesses and ignited protests at home. • Workers Petition the Czar • Approx 200,000 workers led peaceful protest . • Carried a petition asking for: • 1. Better working conditions • 2. More personal freedom • 3. Elected nat’llegis

3. Russians Demand Reforms • Workers Petition the Czar • Approx 200,000 workers led peaceful protest . • Carried a petition asking for: • 1. Better working conditions • 2. More personal freedom • 3. Elected nat’llegis

4. Bloody Sunday • Generals open fire • Provoked strikes & violence • Czar reluctantly agrees to Duma • Moderates wanted constitutional gov • Czar dissolves 10 weeks later

5. Bloody Sunday 1905

6. 1905 Revolution Reforms? • Czar issued the October Manifesto • Established “duma” – elected legislature • Promised “freedom of person, speech, assembly & union” • The manifesto won over moderates & isolated socialists • Czar would exploit these differences

7. Russia & World War I • Unprepared • Poorly equipped • Weak generals • Technologically inferior weapons • Did not have a supply line to the West • Within months of war’s beginning they were in retreat • 4 million killed or wounded in 1st year

10. Rasputin • Self-described “holy man” who claimed to have magical powers • Hemophilia • Czarina allowed him to make political decisions • Opposed reform and increased corruption

13. March Revolution • Citywide strike in Petrograd • Riots over bread & fuel shortages • Soldiers eventually sided with rioters • Duma created provisional gov • Kerensky headed new gov • Mistake was to stay in the war

14. Peaceful March 1917

17. Promised asylum in Britain King George withdrew offer since Nicholas II was embarrassment His wife Alexandra was considered a spy. Czar Abdicates

18. Germany helped Lenin return from exile. Rev led by Lenin Lenin adapted Marxist ideas to Russian conditions Bolsheviks began organizing “soviets” or councils of workers & soldiers Lenin called for “dictatorship of theproletariat” since there was no real industrial class Lenin & Bolsheviks

19. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

20. Assassination of Czar’s Family

21. Civil War Consumes Russia 1918-1921 • Whites against Reds • Whites consisted of numerous groups. • Liberals • Socialists • Czarists • Bolsheviks (Reds) were better organized & committed communists

22. Civil War Whites Reds

23. War Communism • Nationalization of banks, mines, factories, railroads • Peasants were forced to deliver “surplus” food for the cities • Peasant laborers were drafted into army or factory work • Labor armies forced to build roads • Private trade outlawed.

24. Famine During Russian Civil War

25. Western Response to March 1917 Revolution • Welcomed overthrow of autocratic czar & establishment of liberal democracy. • Supported Whites because Russia would remain in the war

26. Western Response to Bolshevism • Opposed communism • Even socialists believed in gradual reforms such as higher wages, suffrage, social welfare programs • Bolsheviks rejected these as tricks of the “capitalist class” • To the Bolsheviks only revolution would work • Withdrew from war • Led to Allied intervention

27. Allied Invasion • The Allies sent troops to help the Whites who wanted to continue the war against Germany • Japan would also seize lands previously claimed by the Czar • Allied forces roused nationalism & later Communist distrust

30. Lenin & the NEP • Temporary retreat from communism • Allowed some capitalist measures • Necessary to rebuild economy • Successful

31. Death of Lenin • Why do you think it was important to display Lenin publicly?

33. Stalin “Man of Steel”

34. From 1930s to his death in 1953 Stalin tried to boost morale and faith in the communist system by portraying himself as a godlike figure. Cult of personality worked to increase his absolute power. Cult of Personality

35. Stalin vs. Trotsky • What were the main differences between Stalin & Trotsky? • How did Stalin beat out his rival Trotsky? • What happened to Trotsky? Why do you think that happened?

36. Stalin’s Industrial Goals • Rapid industrialization • Required a command economy • Gov makes all major decisions • Gov allocated financial & other resources • Five Year Plans • Ambitious goals that often set unrealistic quotas • Mixed Results • Impressive economic successes but at a human cost • Standard of living does not improve

37. Collectivization Peasants no longer able to possess their own land 1000s of farms combined All equipment had to be given up Eliminated power of wealthy kulaks Was seen as more efficient

38. Soviet Poster Glorifying Collectivization

39. Kulaks

40. Reaction & Impact • Resistance • Concealed food • Destroyed livestock & crops • Famine • Millions dead • Kulak class destroyed

41. The Great Purges • Old Bolsheviks eliminated in 1934 • Then extended it to army heroes, writers, factory managers, writers, popular figures • 1936-1938 stages “show trials” purges approx 4 million people which included most of the military officers. • WHY did Stalin do this?

42. Stalin’s Show Trials

43. Foreign Policy Dilemmas Promote worldwide revolution and risk isolation from the West OR Consolidate the revolution at home? Use Comintern to spread revolution OR seek acceptance of Western powers and entry into the League of Nations?

44. Communist International • COMINTERN • Organization to assist worldwide communist revolutions. • Made the West very suspicious • Stalin concentrated more on consolidating power in USSR

45. Elements of Totalitarianism • 1. Ideology • 2. One-party dictatorship • 3. Dynamic or charismatic leader • 4. State control of individuals • 5. State control of society • 6. Methods of enforcement • 7. Modern technology

46. Ideology • Marxist-Leninist • Sets goals for the state • Command Economy • Five Year Plans • Collectivization • Justified gov action • Dictatorship of the proletariat • Capitalist encirclement

47. One-Party Dictatorship • Exercises absolute control & power • Communist Party • Marxist-Leninism Cult mentality

48. Control of Individuals • Demanded more than passive obedience • Demanded loyalty and personal sacrifice • Civil liberties denied • Individuals exist to serve the state

49. Solzhenitsyn - Dissident

50. Control of Society • Business • Labor • Housing • Education • Religion • The Arts • Personal Life • Youth Groups