Russian Revolution

1. Russian Revolution Ch. 14 Sec. 1

2. Russia

3. Czar Alexander III (r. 1881-1894)

4. He deprived ethnic groups in Russian empire of their basic rights Ruled as an autocrat (total control of Russia under him) Made all Russian colonies adopt Russian ways, language, culture, traditions, religion Czar Alexander III (r. 1881-1894)

5. Czar Alexander III Persecutes Jews forbade Jews from owning land in Russia forbade Jews from living in Russian communities encouraged Russians to persecute Jews Russian Universities set quotas for Jewish students

6. Pogroms Under Czar Alexander III • organized violence against Jews in Russia • broke out through out Russia • Police stood by as Russian citizens destroyed Jewish homes stores synagogues

7. Czar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) • son of Czar Alexander III • Used same autocratic totalitarian policies as Czar as his father • Nicholas refused to surrender any of his power

8. Revolutionary Movement Grows Revolution gains steam during Nicholas II reign 1902 new political parties emerge in Russia Constitutional Democratic Party Bourgeoisie (merchant middle class) Liberals wanted a Russian constitution Social Revolution Party wanted equal land distribution for all peasants wanted to increase the power of peasants to equal the power of land owners Social Democrats followed teachings of Karl Marx:19th century radical political philosopher concentrated in urban areas

9. Bolsheviks (majority) Reds (more powerful) wanted a new government with central authority wanted to push peasants to war against the Czar’s government Mensheviks (minority) Whites (less people agreed) more moderate wanted new government with less control over people 1904 Social Democrats Split into 2 Warring Factions:

10. Russo-Japanese War 1904

11. Russo-Japanese War 1904 • 1880’s on Japan/Russia competing for lands in Asia • both nations were imperialists

12. Russo-Japanese War 1904 both wanted Korea and Manchuria Japan attacked Russia in Manchuria February 1904 Japan won the war and won control of Manchuria The defeat demoralized/angered Russian people many revolts/strikes against the Russian government in response

13. Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905

14. Bloody Sunday January 22, 1905 200,000 unarmed Russian peasants marched on Czar Nicholas II palace in St. Petersburg protesting to get better working conditions, more personal freedom, elected national legislature Czar was not home but ordered his troops to fire on the crowd 1,000 Russian peasants killed

15. Bloody Sunday leads to more strikes across Russia workers strike in Russia all business stops through out Russia October 1905 Czar allows for creation of national parliament: Duma Czar agrees to pass no laws with out Duma’s approval Czar dissolves parliament after 10 weeks

16. Reasons Revolution of 1905 failed: • Czar Nicholas II had military on his side • Revolutionary parties were split • poorest workers felt left out: felt unrepresented by any party

17. World War I Czar Nicholas II dragged Russia into the war by the end of 1914: 4 million Russian soldiers killed or captured Russians soldiers sent to fight with out adequate supplies or food Czar Nicholas II forced Russians to fight WWI: they didn’t want to

18. called himself a holy medicine man Befriended Czarina Alexandra while Czar Nicholas II was away fighting WWI convinced Czarina to put him in charge of key political decisions Rasputin

19. spread corruption through out royal court: appointed his buddies; made decisions for personal gain: further angered Russian people 1916 group of nobles murdered Rasputin: but he damaged credibility of Russian ruling family with Russian people Rasputin

20. The Bolshevik Revolution (The March Revolution)

21. Red Riots March 1917 • Russian Revolution begins • women riot because they have no food: their husbands are off to war or dead already • 200,000 women factory workers swarm the streets in Petrograd, Russia • Few soldiers obey Czar’s orders to shoot them

22. Red Riots March 1917 soldiers switch sides and join the rioters soldiers began firing at their commanding officers Czar abdicates (leaves) the throne: he and his family flea to Siberia (east Russia) 1918: Czar and his family executed by Bolsheviks

23. Provisional Government • Alexander Kerensky • leader of the Provisional Government • was a moderate socialist • new government of moderates (Mensheviks) set up • each region of Russia had a council (Soviet) of local leaders to rule it

24. Provisional Government lasts only 8 months • it kept Russia in World War I and couldn’t sustain war effort • couldn’t stop inflation (money becomes less valuable) • couldn’t raise Russian morale

25. October Revolution • November 7, 1917: Bolsheviks seize powerRussian calendar one month behind ours • Bolsheviks take control of capital: Petrograd (St. Petersburg) • Bolsheviks take the capital but did not control the whole country • Bolsheviks arrest members of provisional government

26. Leader of the Bolsheviks Led Bolsheviks in a Civil War against the Mensheviks Becomes leader of Soviet Union (Communist Russia) Vladimir Lenin

27. Civil War 1917-1921 • Bolsheviks (Reds) vs. Mensheviks (Whites) • Reds were the radical communists • Whites were the moderate socialists • Mensheviks (Whites) had the support of G.B./France

28. Reds were led by Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Joseph Stalin LeninStalin Trotsky Bolsheviks (Reds) win: seize total control of Russia

29. Bolsheviks In Power

30. Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924) • Was a radical early on: brother executed for treason 1887 • Went to prison 1896 for conspiring against the Czar • Published a Marxist newspaper: The Spark

31. Revamped Marxism to make it logical for Russia He saw Mensheviks as too moderate: not enough difference with the old Czarist government Had the support of the common people: great speaker; great personality: people liked him persecuted anyone who did not support the Revolution Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924)

32. Red Terror Introduced by Lenin Terminated opposition (executed/exiled) to the Revolution Eliminated the Bourgeoisie as a class through exile and execution Created Cheka: Secret Police to monitor the citizens

33. War Communism Lenin’s first economic system as dictator of Russia peasants had to turn over all surplus goods/foods to the government All privately owned business were made publicly owned Many people start to think the Revolution abandoned them Civil War over but Russia in economic/social turmoil in 1921

34. New Economic Policy (NEP) 1921-1928 • Lenin realized he had to make some changes • He temporarily retreated Russia away from Communism • Allows private ownership of business • Allows peasants to keep their surplus food in exchange for taxes • Allowed peasants to hire themselves out to farmers for wages

35. ● Devalued Russian money to stop inflation Inflation: more money is printed than there should be, which makes currency less valuable Implemented new fairer legal codes NEP was very successful!!! peasants felt better about the Revolution; it allowed for economic/social stability in Russia New Economic Policy (NEP) 1921-1928

36. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

37. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) • formed end of 1922 (formerly Russia) • named in honor of the councils that helped launch Russian Revolution (Soviets) • constitution passed 1924 • Communist Party held all the power: no democracy • USSR recovers • By 1928 farms/factories produced as much as before World War I

38. 1924 Lenin dies died of a series of strokes big power struggle after his death Lenin wanted Leon Trotsky to be his successor Joseph Stalin seizes total power of USSR in 1928

39. he made USSR a totalitarian/terror state (ruled 1928-1953) exiled/executed enemies and threats to his power: including Trotsky Joseph Stalin

40. Lenin’s Legacy ● he thought revolution would start with poorer nations and domino to richer nations all over the world He believed the peasants should unite and rule the world together Believed Imperialism/Capitalism were ultimate evils believed Western European nations were like mafias that caused World War I He believed the real war should be colonies vs. imperialists