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Cells: The Basis of Life

Cells: The Basis of Life. Chapter 4. Cytology. Robert Hooke. 1665 English monk Looked at a thin slice of cork and looked at it with a homemade microscope Had no organelles Named the cell. Robert Hooke. Cork. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek. 1675 Dutch Lens maker

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Cells: The Basis of Life

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  1. Cells: The Basis of Life Chapter 4

  2. Cytology

  3. Robert Hooke • 1665 • English monk • Looked at a thin slice of cork and looked at it with a homemade microscope • Had no organelles • Named the cell

  4. Robert Hooke

  5. Cork

  6. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek • 1675 • Dutch Lens maker • Used a simple microscope and looked at pond water • Named these “animacules” • 1st to see living cells

  7. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

  8. “animicules”

  9. Matthias Schleiden • 1838 • German botanist • All plants are made up of cells

  10. Matthias Schleiden

  11. Theodor Schwann • 1839 • German zoologist • All animals are made up of cells

  12. Theodor Schwann

  13. Rudolf Virchow • 1855 • German physician • Studied how disease affects living things • Learned that cells come only from other cells

  14. Rudolf Virchow

  15. Cell Theory

  16. Cell Theory • All living things are composed of one or more cells. • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in an organism. • Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells.

  17. Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes • No nucleus • No membrane bound organelles • Only bacteria • Nucleus • Many organelles • All cells other than bacteria

  18. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes

  19. Cell Structure and Function

  20. Plasma Membrane • Limited to surface area to volume ratio • Selectively Permeable • Made up of lipid • phospholipids • hydrophilic “head” • hydrophobic “tail” • Makes up bilayer • cholesterol • Carbohydrates

  21. Plasma Membrane cont • Protein • Peripheral • attached to the outside of plasma membrane • A.k.a. Marker Proteins and Receptor Proteins • Integral • at least some portion of their structure within the lipid bilayer • A.k.a. Channel Proteins

  22. Fluid Mosaic Model

  23. Membrane Functions • Physical barrier • Contains receptors • Regulates materials in and out of the cell • Passive transport - kinetic energy • Active transport - requires ATP

  24. Organelles

  25. Intracellular Environment • Cytoplasm • Gel-like substance found between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane • Contains organelles

  26. Endoplasmic Reticulum - Pathways • Golgi apparatus - Prepares and packages cellular products for exocytosis • Mitochondria - Cellular respiration (ATP) • Lysosomes - Enzymes that break down material

  27. What is the difference between smooth and rough ER?? Smooth- No Ribosomes attached. Functions include lipid and carbohydrate synthesis Rough- Ribosomes are attached. Functions include manufacturing of membranes and proteins that will be exported from the cell

  28. ER/Golgi Body Comparison

  29. Mitochondria

  30. Ribosomes – Protein synthesis • Peroxisomes – Detoxification • Vacuoles – Stores food and waste • Cytoskeleton – Protein strands that provide support • Microfilaments and Microtubules

  31. Ribosomes

  32. Peroxisomes

  33. Cytoskeleton

  34. Cilia and Flagella • Hairlike organelles found on the surface of the cell • Assist in movement • Flagella – whip • Cilia – small hairs

  35. Flagella

  36. Cilia

  37. Nucleus • Nuclear membrane • Nucleoli - Site of RNA synthesis • Chromatin

  38. Nucleus

  39. Chromatin

  40. Plant Cells

  41. Plant cells • All the same organelles as animals • Cell wall – Supports and protects cells • Vacuoles – Stores enzymes and waste. Very large in plant cells • Plastids – Makes food (includes chloroplast)

  42. Vacuole (#2)

  43. Plastid

  44. Cellular Transport

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