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Age of Nation-states

Age of Nation-states. Ch 23. I. Introduction. Political Conservatives vs. Political Liberals Modern Day America Conservatives- favor limited government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution Keeping in mind American Revolution and its original intentions

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Age of Nation-states

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  1. Age of Nation-states Ch 23

  2. I. Introduction • Political Conservatives vs. Political Liberals • Modern Day America • Conservatives- favor limited government and a strict interpretation of the Constitution • Keeping in mind American Revolution and its original intentions • Protecting rights of individual over the benefit of the majority Note: Considered to be a form of liberalism by European Standards • Liberalism- looser interpretation of the Constitution • Allow it to change meaning more as a result of the times • Do what benefits the people as a whole, even if it affects individual rights • Technically began with FDR and the New Deal

  3. I. Introduction • Political Conservatives vs. Political Liberals • Europe • Conservatives • Favor monarchy or the original form of government • Unfavorable of change in status quo • Skeptical of change • Liberals • Favor revolutionary thoughtsuch as democracy or republicanism • Favor individual rights or less strict government

  4. I. Introduction • Crimean War (1853-1856) • Brought about changes and started others • Fought predominantly between Russia and Ottoman Empire • Russia wanted Moldavia and Walachia (Romania) • Both sides fought poorly • France and Britain declared war on Russia after they invaded Ottoman land. • Russia was defeated by the France and Great Britain • Resulted in decline in view of Russia • More nations fought to overthrow status quo • Focus on redrawing borders of more powerful nations • Brought about 25 years of unstable European relations

  5. II. Unification of Nations • Italy • Was disunited since the 400’s as a result of the fall of the Roman empire • Romantic Republicans • Sought to make use of confusion brought about by the Congress of Vienna • Giuseppe Mazzini • Goals: remove Austrians & set up a republic • Aided by Giuseppe Garibaldi • Conducted guerilla warfare • Considered extremist • Most did not want a republic • Preferred the Pope to unite Italy

  6. II. Unification of Nations • Italy cont. • Piedmont • Most independent state • Tried to create a constitution and defeat Austria • Count Camillo Cavour • Became prime minister under King Charles Albert • Was originally conservative but later favored liberalism • Individually wealthy through business • Sought to unite Italy through economic means

  7. II. Unification of Nations • Cavour cont. • Gained favor from France and Britain • Sent 10,000 troops to fight Russia during Crimean War • Was allowed to be involved in Paris Conference • Napoleon III and Cavour conspired to start a war against Austria after forming an alliance • War with Austria (4/22/1859-7/11/1859) • Cavour mobilized troops to force Austria to pre-emptively strike • France joined their side and

  8. II. Unification of Nations • Cavour cont. • After the war with Austria, the other states revolted. • Garibaldi attacked Sicily and then moved to take over Southern Italy • Cavour used this to defeat Garibaldi and conquer other Italian States • March 1861 Victor Emanuel II declared king of Italy • Italy was united but still had some internal conflict • United almost to its current territorial holding by 1870 -See page 785-

  9. II. Unification of Nations • Germany • Most important change in the late 1800s • Greatly changed political and territorial dynamics • Instigated by Prussia • William I (r. 1861-1888) • Strengthened Prussian military but ran into problems with Prussian Parliament • Utilized Bismarck

  10. II. Unification of Nations • Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) • Was a Junker (Noble) • Served in the Prussian Diet (1840s),, as ambassador to Russia and France, as Prime Minister (1862-1871) and Chancellor of Germany until (1871-1890) • Pushed for Prussia/Germany to become an industrial superpower. • Utilized wars to gain popularity and support • Yet would try to prevent wars (if there was no personal benefit)

  11. II. Unification of Nations • Danish War (1864) p. 788 • Kleindeutsch- small German- No Austria • Sought to take over Schleswig and Holstein • Were controlled by Denmark • Prussia was joined by Austria • Defeated Denmark • Prussia -Schleswig • Austria- Holstein • Bismarck used this war to gain prestige and favor with other countries that bordered Austria

  12. II. Unification of Nations • Austro-Prussian War (1866) • 7 Weeks’ War • Bismarck “irritated” Austrians and forced them to react • Austria only lost Venetia • Lost power in Europe and “Germany” • North German Confederation • Prussia became head • States keep local Gov. • King of Prussia- President of German Confederation • Bismarck- Chancellor (controlled government) • 2 house- Reichstag(universal male suffrage) and Bundesrat(members picked by local gov.)

  13. II. Unification of Nations • Franco- Prussia War (1870-1871) • Originally over Prince Leopold (William I’s cousin) • Bismarck took advantage over poor word choice to instigate France to declare war • France was crushed • Napoleon III was captured at the Battle of Sedan • Brought Southern Germany together with the North • Officially formed the German Empire • Gained the Alsace and Lorraine • William became empire

  14. III. Nation Reforms and Problems • France • Napoleon III (r.1851-1870) • Originally authoritarian • 1860- started to make reforms and changes • Result of being a military failure • Granted more freedom • Allowed a liberal constitution to be written • Captured in 1870 by the Prussians • Exiled to England until he died in 1873

  15. III. Nation Reforms and Problems • Paris Commune • Lasted from March 28,1871-May 21 • Broken up by National Assembly’s (Bordeaux) troops • Only existed in Paris • 3rd Republic • Result of disagreements the House of Orleans and the House of Bourbons • Who would rule • Marshal MacMahon (r. 1873-1879) elected as president • National Assembly created Chamber of Deputies and Senate • Chamber elected by universal male suffrage • Senate- appointed by government officials • Resigned in 1879 after disagreement with Chamber

  16. III. Nation Reforms and Problems • 3rd Republic • Dreyfus Affair • Captain Alfred Dreyfus • Jewish Officer • Accused of passing military and government documents to the Germans • Convicted on forged evidence (discovered) • Sent to Devil’s Island (off of Northern S. Amer. Coast) • New Suspect tried but acquitted • Became a huge anti-Semitic conspiracy • Point of division between liberals (socialist) and conservatives

  17. III. Nation Reforms and Problems • Austria • Lost the backing of Russia due to not helping during the Crimean War • Emperor Francis Joseph (1848-1916) • Reacted to numerous revolts • Authoritarian but made numerous reforms • Constant issue with Magyars (tribal Hungarians) • 1861- formed the Reichsrat(bicameral imperial parliament) • Answered to emperor and lasted until WWI • 1867- Formed Dual Monarchy • Compromise of 1867 • King of both Austria and Hungary • Acted as two separate states

  18. III. Nation Reforms and Problems • Russia • Alexander II (r. 1855-1881) • Took over after Nicholas I died during Crimean War • Greatly restructured Russia • Abolition of Serfdom (last to do so) • Did not guarantee land but freedom from lords • Usually had to work 49 years to pay for a land allotment- few moved to cities • Reformed local government and judicial branch • To keep from oppressing peasants • Military Conscription – village quotas and only serve for 15 years (6 active & 9 reserve) after they turned 25 • Suppression of Poland due to the Rebellion of 1863 • Assassinated by a student revolution called the Populism • Later fell apart

  19. III. Nation Reforms and Problems • Great Britain • 2nd Reform Act (1867) • Expanded voting rights of working class males • Prime Minister William Gladstone • Favored free trade and competition • Trade became more open • Education reforms • Ballot Act of 1872- Voting by secret ballot • Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli • Favored government acting as parent (more socialistic) • Gave more rights to unions • Public Health Act of 1875- Gov controls private property for health of people

  20. III. Nation Reforms and Problems • Ireland and Great Britain • Was divided over religion • Sought more freedom and independence • Wanted self-governance- repeatedly blocked by the House of Lords • Charles Stewart Parnell • Rallied Irish reps in the House of Commons to vote together to seek home rule for Ireland • Became an annoyance to Great Britain

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