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The Crusades ByGabriella Vidal
Germany During the crusades there really wasn’t a really a country but the western part of the holy roman empire that played a large part in the crusades. German took control of the holy empire. Germany was a assemble of states that was ruled by the king bearing the title “king of the Romans”. With that Germany plays a big part in the crusades. Since Italy was were the pope was.
Germans in the crusade • Henry IV (1056-1106) During the first crusade , Henry IV was busy with the conflict with the papacy and rebellions in Germany. • Conrad III of Germany (1093 - 1152), Helped in the second crusade and died. the first German king of the dynasty, was the son of Frederick I, Duke of Swabia. • Frederick Barbarossa (1147-1152) helped in the second crusade and helped in the third crusade. He died by drowning in the third crusade.
It was the collision of two great faith hatred between the powerful religions. A thousand years ago, they battled each other for two centuries during three Crusades, each seeking control of what they claimed as the rightful holy lands of their people. Christians in the eleventh century were not paranoid fanatics as believed. As in fact Muslims where going after the Christians. While Muslims can be peaceful, Islam was born in war and grew the same way. Muslim thought that the world was in two Muslims and non Muslims. Christians and Jews can be tolerated within a Muslim state under Muslim rule. But, in traditional Islam, Christian and Jewish states must be destroyed and their lands taken. Christianity was the dominant religion of power and wealth. As the faith of the Roman Empire, it spanned the entire Mediterranean, including the Middle East, where it was born. The Christian world, therefore, was a prime target . Which led to popes and Christians to begin the crusades. Not as some believe fanatics and greedy Christian clergy. The beginning of the crusades
The Crusades - Five Centuries Of Holy War • 1095-1096 The Peasants Crusade • 1096-1099 The First Crusade • 1147-1149 The Second Crusade • 1189-1192 The Third Crusade • 1202-1204 The Fourth Crusade • 1202-1202 The Children's Crusade • 1218-122 The Fifth Crusade • 1228-1229 The Sixth Crusade • 1248-1254 The Seventh Crusade
Richard lion heart • In 1189, upon the death of Henry II, Richard was crowned king of England in Westminster Abbey London. He began to raise funds for his crusade known to history as the Third Crusade. Richard set out (1190) on the Third Crusade. Lion heart captured Messina and Cyprus on his way to the holy land. He also married Berengaria of Navarre in 1191. • he was accompanied by Phillip II of France and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. After finishing the treaty with Saladin that allowed Christians to go to the holy land. Richard started to go home. However, he was captured by Leopold V of Austria. Leopold delivered Richard to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who released him only after Richard paid an enormous ransom, raised by his English subjects. Richard returned briefly to England to complete the suppression of the revolt raised against him by his brother John and to raise funds. Thereafter he fought Philip in France, in the process building the famous Château Gaillard. He was killed in a minor engagement.
Frederick Barbarossa • Frederick I was elected king of Germany on March 4, 1152 and crowned Holy Roman Emperor on June 18, 1155. He was also Duke of Swabia (1147-1152, as Frederick III) and King of Italy (1154-1186). made his first trip to the East, accompanying his uncle, the German king Conrad III, on the Second Crusade. When Conrad died in February 1152. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental powers, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that he, rather than his own six-year-old son, the future Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, should succeed him as king.
The First Crusade 1096-1099 The First Crusade was launched in 1095 by Pope Urban II to regain control of the sacred city of Jerusalem and the Christian Holy Land from Muslims. What started as a minor call for aid quickly turned into a wholesale migration and conquest of territory outside of Europe. Both knights and peasants from many different nations of western Europe, with little central leadership, traveled over land and by sea towards Jerusalem and captured the city in July 1099, establishing the Kingdom of Jerusalem and the other Crusader states. Although these gains lasted for fewer than two hundred years, the Crusade was a major turning point in the expansion of Western power, and was the only crusade—in contrast to the many that followed—to achieve its stated goal.
The aftermath The leading candidates for a governor were Raymond and Godfrey. The barons first offered to Raymond, who refused, saying that only Christ could be king in Jerusalem. They made the same offer to Godfrey, who showed an unexpected cleverness. He too declined the title of king, but he accepted the offer, taking as his title "Advocate of the Holy Sepulcher. Godfrey was thus able to lay claim to all the temporal authority of being a ruler of Jerusalem without threatening the theoretical superiority of the Church. Raymond was furious. He holed up in the Tower of David and refused to yield it. He was finally persuaded to give it into the care of a bishop, but as soon as he moved out, the bishop turned it over to Godfrey. Raymond was now sure that everyone was conspiring against him. He left Jerusalem, never to return. With Raymond gone, Arnulf Malecorne was now chosen as Patriarch of Jerusalem. He was not a particularly good choice. Most of the army liked him, but he banned all rites at the Holy Sepulcher except the Latin, alienating the local Christians, and his moral reputation was not good. Still, Jerusalem now had its leaders. The First Crusade had been a tremendous success. It was to be the only crusade to succeed in its objectives.
The second crusade • 1147-1149 • The Second Crusade was the second major crusade launched from European, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the previous year. Edessa was the first of the Crusader states to have been founded during the First Crusade and was the first to fall. The Second Crusade was announced by Pope Eugenius III, and was the first of the crusades to be led by European kings, namely Louis VII of France and Conrad III of Germany, with help from a number of other important European nobles. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe and were somewhat hindered by Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus; after crossing Byzantine territory into Anatolia, both armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem and in 1148 participated in an attack on Damascus. The crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a great Crusade at the end of the 12th century.
The aftermath After the crusade King Conrad went home almost immediately. He had political trouble back in Germany , and there seemed to be nothing further he could do. King Louis stayed longer. He took part in some desultory fighting, and stayed long enough to celebrate Easter in Jerusalem in 1149. Then he, too, went home. Almost none of the Crusader knights remained in the Holy Land. The Second Crusade was an enormous undertaking .all in addition to the main expedition to Palestine. Only the un-planned capture of Lisbon yielded any permanent gains. Kings had raised armies for this. The Church had called upon all its resource, put one of its greatest preachers in the field, and had staked its reputation on the outcome. When the pitiable results were known, there was a widespread reaction against crusading as a large-scale movement. There were recriminations for everyone, but in truth no one really understood why there had been so much activity for so little result. But they were sure they did not want to go to such lengths again. Over the next forty years, then, there were no more crusades and few calls for one. The armed pilgrimage had not lost its allure, nor the promise of remission of sins. But now, crusaders went in small bands, led by local nobles on their own initiative. Over and over, representatives came from Jerusalem to beg for large armies. What they got was an army from Brabant here, a fleet from Pisa there, and little more. Nothing coordinated and nothing on the scale needed. Ironically, "crusading" had become what it was in theory: a pilgrimage of arms. Bands of people came to Jerusalem in order to visit the holy places and to do battle with the infidel, and then to return home again. Once in a while, someone came looking to enter the Templar, or to marry into the local nobility, but most visited for a season and then left. The Palestinian barons came to understand that they must survive largely on their own resources and through alliances with local powers.
The Third Crusade Third Crusade (1189–1192) • The was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from the power of Saladin. The third crusade was one of the only crusades that was successful even though it did fail at its main goal. Richard and Philip managed to bring down Acre but because of an argument that they got in Philip went home and Richard failed to conquer Jerusalem. However Richard did settle a peace treaty with Saladin, to allow pilgrims entrance to the holy city. The three major leaders in the crusade was king Richard the lion heart, Frederick Barbossa and Phillip the second. In July of 1192, Saladin suddenly attacked and captured Jaffa, but the city was re-captured by Richard and a much smaller force on July 31. A final battle was fought on August 5 in which Richard once again emerged triumphant. • On September 2, 1192, Richard and Saladin finalized a treaty by which Jerusalem would remain under Muslim control, but which also allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the city. Richard departed the Holy Land on October 9.
The Aftermath • Although the main goal of the crusades, to free Jerusalem, was not reached and only the first and third crusades where actually successful the crusades help end the age of feudalism. The crusaders brought back valuably goods that the English had never seen before such as salt and silk. This inspired people to run trade routs eventually ending feudalism completely. The third crusade was one of the only crusades that was successful even though it did fail at its main goal. Richard and Philip managed to bring down Acre but because of an argument that they got in Philip went home and Richard failed to conquer Jerusalem. However Richard did settle a peace treaty with Saladin, to allow pilgrims entrance to the holy city. All in all the 3rd crusade could be described as a successful crusade.
