1 / 22

Media Theories نظريات الاعلام

Media Theories نظريات الاعلام. Effects Theories نظريات تأثير وسائل الاعلام. The Communication Model. Source. Message. Channel. Receiver. Feedback. The goal of all media theories هدف نظريات الإعلام. Explain relationships between media and people Individuals Societies Cultures

sook
Download Presentation

Media Theories نظريات الاعلام

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Media Theories نظريات الاعلام Effects Theories نظريات تأثير وسائل الاعلام

  2. The Communication Model Source Message Channel Receiver Feedback

  3. The goal of all media theories هدف نظريات الإعلام • Explain relationships between media and people • Individuals • Societies • Cultures • Often, to explain media’s influence or “effects” • What’s in it for us? Placing PR in context.

  4. Timeline • 1880s-1910s: mass society and mass culture theories • 1920s-1930s: public opinion research; propaganda theories (including “magic bullet”) • 1940s-1960s: “limited effects” paradigm • 1960s: reactions against “limited effects” (in various directions: some moderate, some powerful)

  5. Effects Theories نظريات تأثير وسائل الاعلام • Do the media have an effect on viewers and listeners? • There are several theories that support the extremes and the middle on this: • Yes, it impacts us • No, it does not • Yes and No... somewhere in between

  6. Effects Theories • Mass media/mass communications make people powerless to resist messages the media carry. وسائل الإعلام / وسائل الاتصال الجماهيري تجعل الناس عاجزين عن مقاومة الرسائل التي تحملها وسائل الإعلام. • Consumers seem to be ‘drugged’ or ‘addicted’ to the media messages. يبدو المستهلكون وكأنهم مخدرون أو مدمنون على الرسائل التي تحملها وسائل الاعلام. • Effects theories establish links between violence and the media, especially with the effects on the young. نظريات العنف تربط بين العنف ووسائل الاعلام وخصوصا تأثيرها على الشباب

  7. Effects Theories Historical Background • Frankfurt School: Marxist German intellectuals reacting against Nazi propaganda and US advertising. المدرسة الفرانكفورتية: مثقفون ألمان ماركسيون انتقدوا دور الدعاية النازية والإعلانات في الولايات المتحدة. • It suggested the power of big corporations and the state to control how we think. أشارت إلى قوة تأثير الشركات الكبرى والدولة في تشكيل تفكيرنا. • Rise of TV in the 50’s and 60’s – fear of danger to children ظهور التلفاز في الخمسينات والستينات أثار مخاوف من تاثيره السلبي على الأطفال.

  8. Effects Theories Historical Background • Influence of behavioural scientists (think of Pavlov’s dogs) – media may reinforce attitudes through repetition تأثرت بالعلماء السلوكيين (المثير والاستجابة الشرطية) بمعنى أن وسائل الاعلام تعزز الاتجاهات من خلال التكرار. • Bobo doll experiment (1963) that pointed out that children imitate adult treatment of doll. تجربة دمية البوبو أشارت الى أن الاطفال يقلدون تعامل الكبار مع الدمى.

  9. Moderate-Effects Theoryنظرية التأثير المعتدل Recognizes that media is not all-powerful in its influence However, under certain circumstances it can have a very strong effect تقول بأن وسائل الاعلام ليست قوية في تأثيرها، ولكن في ظروف معينة فان لها تأثير قوي جدا.

  10. Limited-Effects Theory نظرية التأثير المحدود Media often do not have a direct effect on audience and decision making. وسائل الإعلام في كثير من الأحيان لا يكون لها تأثير مباشر على الجمهور واتخاذ القرارات However, it is just oneof many influences, including: Opinion leaders One’s prior held beliefs Influence of family, friends, peers

  11. Powerful-Effects Theory نظرية التأثير القوي Media has the potential for a huge influence on the audience Influence increases if: Audience has little or no opinion on an issue Audience has no direct experience with the issue

  12. The Magic Bullet Theoryنظرية الطلقة السحرية 1930’s: Mass Media has the power with the right message; therefore, can influence people to do most anything. Mass Media Public

  13. Hypodermic Needle Theory or Magic Bullet Theory نظرية الابرة تحت الجلد أو الطلقة السحرية • One of the earliest theories held that mass media was highly influential. It was started by the Frankfurt School, a group of German Marxists in the 1930’s. They observed how Hitler user Propaganda to influence the nation. The Communists in the Soviet Union had a similar impact. • The media is like a syringe injects ideas and attitudes into people’s minds, as a doctor shoots a hypodermic needle into a patient. وسائل الإعلام هيتحقن الأفكار والمواقف في أذهان الناس، كما يحقن طبيب إبرة تحت الجلد في المريض • Audiences passively receive the information transmitted via a media text, without any attempt on their part to process or challenge the information. الجمهوريتلقىبشكل سلبيالمعلوماتالتي تنتقلمن خلال وسائل الإعلام، من دون أيمحاولةمن جانبهملمعالجةأوتحدي هذه المعلومات. • Violence in the Media encourages viewers to imitate what they see. يتأثر الناس بمشاهد العنف ويميلون لتقليدها • This theory is no longer widely held. لا يعتقد كثير بصواب هذه النظرية اليوم

  14. The Magic Bullet Theory Mass Media You

  15. “Magic bullet” theory of propaganda • Simplistic propaganda theory: media stimuli work like “magic bullets” (or hypodermic needles) • people are simply “targets,” unwitting victims الناس ببساطة "الأهداف" ضحايا عن غير قصد • people are powerlessto resist influence الناس عاجزون عن مقاومة التأثير • Media messages penetrate people’s minds and instantly and directly create associations between strong emotions and specific concepts. الرسائل الإعلامية تتغلغل في عقول الناس وعلى الفور وبشكل مباشر تنشئ روابط بين المشاعر القوية و مفاهيم محددة. • Built on stimulus-response (behaviorist) model

  16. Example • Origin:A British recruitment poster which would have come out before conscription was introduced in January 1916. • Motive:To encourage men in Britain to enlist in the New Armies. • Audience:Men who are eligible to enlist and who are in the right age group. • Content: The symbol - John Bull represents the British people, note the Union Jack waistcoat. Personal appeal - Use of Question -'Who's Absent? Is it You?‘ • The finger pointing at the reader -'You'. • Soldiers waiting in the background for 'your' response.

  17. Two-Step Flow Theory نظرية التدفق على مرحلتين • Media messages analyzed, interpreted and passed on by opinion leaders first. الرسالة الاعلامية يتم تحليلها وتفسيرها وتمريرها من قبل قادة الرأي أولا • Ideas flow from mass media to opinion leaders and from them to the less active sections of the population تتدفق الأفكار من وسائل الاعلام الى قادة الرأي ومن ثم الى الفئات الأقل نشاطا في المجتمع. • The mass public gets information via these opinion leaders: • Opinions are formed • Perceptions are created • Knowledge is gained (or repressed)

  18. Two-Step Theory End of WWII (late 1940’s): This theory recognizes that opinion leaders influence the rest of society Mass Media Opinion Leaders Public

  19. Opinion Leaders قادة الرأي • Opinion leaders serve as powerful channels in the flow of information قادة الرأي يكونون بمثابة قنوات قوية لتدفق المعلومات • Opinion leaders may have more direct access to the media and/or a better media literacy than the masses. يستطيع قادة الرأي الوصول إلى وسائل الاعلام بشكل مباشر ولديهم معرفة بكيفية التعامل مع وسائل الاعلام اكثر من الجمهور. • They may include: • Political leaders • Experts • Celebrities • Community or religious leaders • Writers • Media analysts • Journalists

  20. Example • Audience knows that a Hollywood famous actor uses a special type of mobile phone. • To some of the public, this communicates that this mobile is the one to “buy” الجمهور يعرف أن نجم هوليوود شهير يستخدم نوع معين من الهاتف المحمول.بالتالي عند البعض هذا يعني ان هذا الهاتف جدير بالشراء.

More Related