The Western World (Since 1970)

1. The Western World(Since 1970) SPIELVOGEL CHAPTER 29

2. U.S. - Soviet relations in the 1970’s • Détente - attempt to reduce tensions between the superpowers • Antiballistic Missile Treaty 1972 = ABM Treaty • The Helsinki Agreements 1975 - both sides agree to recognize and protect human rights and settle all borders • Pres. Jimmy Carter -> foreign policy focused on human rights • Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979 - • 1. restore pro-Soviet govt • 2. Worsens U.S.-Soviet relations • 3. American boycott of the Moscow Olympics in 1980 • 4. U.S. grain embargo BREZHNEV AND NIXON “THE KISS” – BREZHNEV AND CARTER

3. U.S. - Soviet relations in the 1980’s • Ronald Reagan elected president in 1980 • The “evil empire” speech • American military buildup and a new arms race • Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - Reagan’s plan for a space shield against incoming missiles • “Star Wars” • Military support for Afghan rebels fighting against the Soviets

4. The End of the Cold War • Mikhail Gorbachev becomes leader of the Soviet Union in 1985 • INF Treaty 1987 - arms control agreements between the US and Soviets • 1989-1990 marked the turning point of the Cold War -> Soviets will no longer use military force to maintain control over Eastern Europe • The Revolutions of 1989 - Soviet backed communist regimes in Eastern Europe are swept away • German Reunification 1990

5. The post-Cold War era 1990’s • The Gulf War 1990 - Saddam Hussein’s Iraq invades Kuwait • The “New World Order” • Haiti 1994 • US negotiates and end to the war in Bosnia • Slobodan Milosevic and Yugoslavia • NATO bombing of Yugoslavia to stop war in Kosovo 1999 • 9/11 and the War on Terror

6. The Soviet Union 1964-1982 • No change • Led by Leonid Brezhnev - “No experimentation” • Brezhnev Doctrine - Soviets will use force to maintain communism in E. Europe • Economic emphasis on heavy industry • Central planning -> bureaucracy, no efficiency, low productivity • Guaranteed employment - low wages, no incentives, apathy, absenteeism, drunkenness • Agricultural problems • Party patronage - special privileges, advancement • 1980 the party and the state was in severe stagnation and decline • The Gerontocracy = rule by the old 1. Brezhnev dies in 1982 2. Constantine Chernenko - dies 3. Yuri Andropov – dies • Need for new blood and new thinking - reform movement -> opens the way for Gorbachev

7. PR pp. 251-254 • Warsaw Pact • COMENCON • What did the Soviets construct in 1961? • Who was Imre Nagy? • What 3 things did Hungary want to do in 1956? • What happened to the uprising in Hungary in 1956? • Who succeeded Stalin as the leader of the USSR in 1953? • What was the subject of the “secret speech” at the 20th Party Congress? • Where did the two super powers almost go to war in 1962? What was the cause of the crisis? • What happened to Khrushchev in 1964? • Who succeeded him as leader of the Soviet Union? • What were two of his policies? • What was the Prague Spring of 1968? • The Brezhnev Doctrine • Alexander Dubcek • Lech Walesa • Solidarity • How did the Polish communist government respond to Solidarity? • What happened in Poland in 1989? • Mikhail Gorbachev 21. What happened throughout Eastern Europe in 1989? 22. Why was Romania the exception in 1989? 23. Chernobyl 24. Afghanistan 25. Glasnost 26. Perestroika 27. What happened in the Soviet Union in Aug. 1991? 28. Boris Yeltsin 29. What replaced the Soviet Union? 30. What were Yeltsin’s economic policies? 31. What were two problems of “shock treatment”?32. What were two reasons for Yeltsin’s decline in popularity? 33. What was the conflict between Yeltsin and the Congress of People’s Deputies in Oct. 1993? 34. What were two reasons Yeltsin was re-elected in 1996? 35. Vladimir Putin 36. The Beslan Massacre 37. How did the Russian people feel about Putin and why? 38. What were Slovenia and Croatia? 39. What did the Bosnians want? 40. Who was Slobodan Milosovic and what was his policy towards Bosnia?