1 / 62

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series : International cooperation and

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series : International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3): Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society ( New). Dr. KWONG Chi-man Hong Kong Baptist University. CDI020121547 1.12.2012. Contents.

sondra
Download Presentation

NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series : International cooperation and

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. NSS Enriching Knowledge Lecture Series: International cooperation and regional politics since 1945 (3): Globalisation of Food: Politics, Economy and Society (New) Dr. KWONG Chi-man Hong Kong Baptist University CDI020121547 1.12.2012

  2. Contents • Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • Globalisation of Food, 1492-1939 • Food and the World Wars • Globalisation of Food after 1945: • Economy • Politics • Society Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  3. I: Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  4. Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • Age of Plenty • Food for a farm labourer, Britain, 1796 • The meals of a mill worker, Britain, 1876 • A blogger’s meal, Hong Kong, 2012 • Famine Cases After 1945 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  5. Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • Food: solely economic issue? • Human rights issue? • “The Freedom from Want” – Four Freedoms of Franklin Roosevelt, US President, 1941 • Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 • Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and of his family, including food…(Article 25). Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  6. Food: Simple Matter of Demand and Supply? • International dimension • Global movement of food and ideas • International trade • Politics and International relations • Social dimension • Class • Eating habit as expression of class identity • Ethnicity and Identity • National identity and national cuisine • Regional culture • Culture • Globalisation • Glocalisation Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  7. II: Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  8. Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • Age of Discovery, 1493-1850 • Trade and Colonialism • Movement of food from the Americas to Eurasia • Sugarcane, spice, fruits… • Potato and Maize • Population increase Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  9. Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI • Increase in productivity • Staple food – wheat, barley, rice… • Meat – (16kg per person/year in 1870 – 50+kg per person/year in 1914) • Industrialisation • Dehydration • Pasteurisation • Refrigeration • Canning • Transportation • Railway and steamships • Emergence of large corporations and lobby groups • E.g. United Fruit Company, 1899-1970 and Meat Union • Marketing and consumerism Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  10. Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • The Mid-Nineteenth Century to WWI (con’t) • International trade – Free Trade • Free trade and division of labour • Banana republics (monoculture) • South America and Australia • Migration and changing diet Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  11. Globalisation of Food, 1493-1939 • Sell goods and buy food/ Grow food and buy goods? - Autarchy or Globalisation? • German example (1870-1914): • Contexts: German farmers vs. major exporters of grain (USA, Russia and Canada); population increase; industrialisation; urbanisation; decrease of agricultural pop; political structure of Germany • Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck introduced import tariff of grain to protect farmers and land owning class (Junkers) – high price for imported food • Attempt to dismantle tariff battier failed - conservative opposition • Vicious cycle: increasingly difficult to feed working population with home-grown food – increased reliance on import – unwilling to break tariff barrier Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  12. III: Food and the World Wars Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  13. Food and the World Wars • Germany • Context: Unable to sustain itself during the First World War under British blockade – “Turnip Winter”: near-famine in 1917; 750,000 died of malnutrition Please use the following links to view two pictures. http://net.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/warbook/images/wb11.jpg http://chestofbooks.com/gardening-horticulture/Commercial-Gardening-4/images/TURNIPS-FOR-STREET-SALE-Turnips-badly-Infested-with-maggots.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  14. Food and the World Wars • Germany (con’t) • Autarchy vsFree trade? Debate in the 1920s • Argument of Autarchy won • Supported by right-wing movements • The Nazis and Food • Reich Food Corporation – total state control since 1933 • “Blood and soil”: Race, agriculture, and Lebensraum • Understood the inability to feed the Germans during wartime – attack the Soviet Union! • Generalplan Ost, 1940 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  15. Food and the World Wars • Japan • Context: Rapid modernisation after 1868 • Changing eating habits • More animal protein • Increase in rice consumption • 25% increase from 1890s to 1914 • Reliance on colonial supply: Korea and Taiwan • Still not enough! • Manchuria – “Plan for the Settlement of One Million Households over Twenty Years” • China and Southeast Asia • Italy • Battle for Grain 1920s Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  16. Food and the World Wars • Allies attempt to coordinate food • Combined Food Board (Anglo-American Cooperation) • Attempts to increase production – idea of nutrition science • Still, famine in India • Meals of the Soldiers, WWII • Axis • Allies Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  17. IV: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  18. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy • Post 1945 socio-economic development • Relative peace • Population increase • Industrialisation and urbanisation • Increase in wealth • Change in lifestyle • Multinationals Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  19. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy • Technological change • Agri-chemistry • Hybrids • Packaging • Refrigerating • Transport • Example: factory ships Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  20. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Economy • The Problem of Distribution • Uneven distribution • Obesity in developed countries • Famines around the world • Causes • Natural disaster • Internal and international politics • International trade Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  21. V: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  22. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • World food situation in 1945 • Overall amount of food available to the world: 12% less than before the war – and a drought broke out in 1946 • Many had less than half of what they had in 1945 than in 1939 • Europe • Production was only 36% of prewar level • Germany: 1,000 calories per person per day in cities • Some Germans lost a pound a day in 1946 • 2 million died in the Soviet Union • Even Britain had to introduce rationing in 1945 • Asia • Famine in China, Korea, Java, and Vietnam • 30 million in China suffered from under-nourishment • 100,000 starved to death in Tokyo three months after the war • The Americas Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  23. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Food as Cold War Weapon • Berlin Airlift, 1948 • Marshall Plan VS Warsaw Pact • Relief package (CARE) from the USA • Politics of Aid • Abundance as propaganda: Hong Kong • Chinese food and water: Hong Kong • East Pearl River Water • Ng Fung Hong • Food trains during the 1967 Riot Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  24. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • International Cooperation Attempts (By UN) • The International Institute of Agriculture, 1905-1945 • Combined Food Board during the Second World War • United Nations Conference on Food and Agriculture, 1943 (Hot Spring Conference) • Not only about food aid • Also put forward the idea of eating healthily • Food and Agriculture Organisation, 1945- • World Food Programme, 1961 • World Food Conference, 1974 • World Food Council, 1974-1993 • World Summit on Food Security, 1996, 2002, 2009 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  25. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • International Cooperation Attempts (By Others) • World Trade organization, 1993 • Global Food Security Program (World Bank), 2010 • European Union • European Food Safety Authority Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  26. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Work Done • Food aid • Setting standards • Food safety • Market regulation • Removal of trade barrier • Sharing technology • Joint research • Dissemination Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  27. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Limitations of Cooperation • Processes of reaching international agreements • Tensions • Politics within the international organisations • States vs. States • States vs. Corporations and interest groups • Politics within the states • States vs. individuals • Corporations vs. individuals Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  28. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Politics • Limitations of Cooperation (con’t) • Other Causes • Political • Internal situation in countries • Multinational and agricultural interests • Lack of consensus among countries • Politics of food aid • Technological and Economic • Trade and food aid • Bottleneck in production • Speculation and trade barrier • Oil price and food fuel • New technology vs. vested interest Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  29. VI: Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  30. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society • Prices of Increased Productivity • Environmental • Wastage • Impact of agriculture on environment • Carbon footprint of food • Loss of biodiversity • Obesity • Over-consumption • Health cost • Entrenched interest • American Meat Institute, National Meat Association, American Association of Meat Processors • Twisting of taste • Standardisation of flavour • Artificial flavour Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  31. Globalisation of Food after 1945: Society • Cultural and Class Dimensions • National cuisine and regional food? • Class dimension of food? • Conservation VS tradition • Whale hunting in Japan: a means to get protein quickly after the Second World War • Now seen as a traditional institutional that should not be abandoned • Employment • Vested interest Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  32. The END! Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  33. Food for a farm labourer, 1796 • Bread • Little bit of bacon • Sometimes with potatoes • A bit cheese • Beer,sugared tea, and “tiny quantities of milk” Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  34. The meals of a mill worker, 1876 • Monday: a bit of cold meat • Tuesday: a hash (mix of diced meat, potatoes, and spices) • Wednesday: a potato pie • Thursday: fry liver and onions • Friday: potted meat • Saturday: sausage • With potatoes, bread, and beverages such as tea, beer, and milk Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  35. A Blogger’s Meal, 2012 (Not a wedding dinner!) • Roasted pig • Fried crab leg • Stir-fried shrimp • Dried scallop • Sharks fin soup • Abalone with goose palm • Steamed garoupa • Crispy chicken • Shanghai dumplings • Braised noodles Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  36. Famine Cases After 1945 Year Location Deaths Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  37. Potatoes and Population Growth Nathan Nunn; Nancy Qian, (2011). “The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (2): 600. Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  38. Potatoes and Population Growth Nathan Nunn; Nancy Qian, (2011). “The Potato's Contribution to Population and Urbanization: Evidence from a Historical Experiment”. Quarterly Journal of Economics 126 (2): 594. Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  39. Increased Productivity Alexander Apostolides, “English Agricultural Output And Labour Productivity, 1250–1850: Some Preliminary Estimates”. http://www.basvanleeuwen.net/bestanden/agriclongrun1250to1850.pdf Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  40. Increased Productivity Export of Frozen Meat 1881-1900 (tons) K. T. H. Farrer, A Settlement Amply Supplied, p. 250; http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/aghistory/livestock/beef/markets_and_marketing/marketing_-_produce Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  41. US Meat Industry, 1900s Please use the following links to view two pictures about the Industrialized Butcher House in the USA in the 1900s. http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_FrsZ4UW5Hs/TPVfKiPSLtI/AAAAAAAAArY/oDS_yXTQkYE/s1600/beef5.jpg http://www.brandeis.edu/investigate/foodborne-illness/images/Beef-industry-1900s-4.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  42. Canned Food, 1890s Please use this link to view the picture of the Cooked Corn Beef, USA, 1890s http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8031/7986212820_c0be7643c6_m.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  43. Marketing and Commercials Please use the following two links to view two posters. http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/crackerspack.jpg http://www.britishempire.co.uk/images/patersonspack.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  44. Banana Carriers Please use this link to view the picture of SS Abangarez, 5,000t cargo ship built for the United Fruit Company in 1911 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/a6/SS_Abangarez.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  45. German Generalplan Ost, 1940 Please use this link to view the map. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff/lossy-page1-1024px-Generalplan_Ost_map.tiff.jpg Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  46. War Deaths, 1945-2000 Please use this link to view the map which shows the war deaths From 1945 to 2000. http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/287.png Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  47. International Fast Food Dist. Please use this link to view the map which shows the international Fast food distribution. http://www.worldmapper.org/images/largepng/364.png Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  48. Food Multinationals Please use this link to view the companies which have enormous number of consumer brands in the market. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/27/consumer-brands-owned-ten-companies-graphic_n_1458812.html Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  49. Per capita food consumption (kcal/person/day) FAO, World Agriculture: towards 2015/2030, p.30 Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

  50. Obesity and health problem Please use this link to view the charts showing the overweight rates in analyzed countries and OECD (adults) in 2010. http://www.oecd.org/els/healthpoliciesanddata/thirdlancetseriesonchronicdiseaseschina-keyfacts.htm Globalisation of Food: Economy, Politics, and Society

More Related