The Nature of Matter

1. The Nature of Matter Carbon Compounds (Sec. 2-3) Chemical Reactions and Enzymes (Sec. 2-4)

2. What is organic chemistry? Organic chemistry is the study of all compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms Carbon compounds are also called organic compounds.

3. What are macromolecules? The prefix “macro” means “large”. Many of the molecules in living things are so large that they are called macromolecules.

4. How are macromolecules formed? Macromolecules are formed in a process called polymerization “Poly” means “many”. Monomers are smaller units that join together to form polymers, which are macromolecules.

5. The four organic compounds • There are four groups of organic compounds found in living things: • Lipids • Carbohydrates( a.k.a. carbs, or carbos) • Proteins • Nucleic acids

6. Lipids Made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms (C, H) and some O. Used in living things to store energy. Some are important parts of biological membranes and water-proof coverings. Others are used to send chemical messages (ex. Steroids). Made up of compounds called fatty acids (C-H chain) and glycerol (contains O) Examples: Fats, oils, waxes, steroids

7. Carbohydrates Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (C, H, O) Hydrogen and carbon will be in a 2:1 ratio Used by cells as the main source of energy. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates in structures. Examples: Starches and sugars, such as glucose (C6H12O6) and cellulose (in plant cell walls)

9. Proteins Contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (C,H,O,N) Are polymers of amino acids (a.k.a. “the building blocks of proteins”). Some control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes (Enzymes are proteins). Some are used to form bone and muscles. Some transport substances into or out of cells or help fight diseases.

10. Nucleic Acids Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and may have either or both of phosphorus or sulphur (C,H,O, N, P, S) Made up of monomers of nucleotides. A nucleotide is made up of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base:

11. Nucleic Acids • Store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information. • Two kinds of nucleic acids: • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

12. Carbohydrate, Lipid, or Protein? Lipid Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Carbohydrate Protein

13. Remember CHONPS Lipids contain a fatty acid chain made of carbon and hydrogen atoms . • CH- • CHO- • CHON- • CHONPS- Carbohydrates are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Proteins also contain nitrogen. Nucleic acids will contain C, H, O, N, and either/or both of phosphorus and sulfur.

14. Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals (reactants) into another set of chemicals (products). A + B C + D Reactants yield Products

15. Chemical Reactions Always involve the breaking of bonds in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products. Some reactions release energy, others absorb energy. Every reaction needs energy to get started. The starting energy is called the activation energy.

16. Catalyst A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Work by lowering the activation energy. Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts.

17. Acids and Bases pH is a measurement of Hydrogen ion (H+) in a solution. Acids = High H+ low OH- Bases = Low H+ High OH-

18. pH Scale The scale goes from 1 to 14. 1-6 are acidic 7 is neutral 8-14 are basic

19. pH Bloods pH is about 7.35-7.45. So is our blood basic or acidic?

20. pH Scale Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a strong base. Water (H2O) is neutral.

21. The pH of body fluids is 7.35, 7.45. If the pH is altered below or above the norm it will disrupt the stability of cell membranes, alter protein structure, and change the activities of important enzymes. Below 7.35-acidosis Above 7.45-alkalosis Affects the nervous system and cardiovascular system.