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Water and Erosion Ch. 13

Water and Erosion Ch. 13. The Water Cycle. http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/earth/hydrocycle/hydro3.html. Water Budget. a continuous cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation the worlds water budget is in balance because precipitation = evaporation precipitation= income

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Water and Erosion Ch. 13

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  1. Water and Erosion Ch. 13

  2. The Water Cycle http://observe.arc.nasa.gov/nasa/earth/hydrocycle/hydro3.html

  3. Water Budget • a continuous cycle of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation • the worlds water budget is in balance because precipitation = evaporation • precipitation= income evaporation and runoff= expenses • local water budgets (that of a particular area) are NOT balanced due to temperature, presence of vegetation, wind, and amount and duration of rainfall

  4. Water Conservation • each person in the U.S. uses ~95 cm3 of water each year • bathing, washing clothes, dishes, brushing teeth, watering lawn, carrying waste away, drinking

  5. Agriculture and industry use the greatest amount of water

  6. 90% of this used water is returned to rivers, lakes, oceans, etc.

  7. http://wwwga.usgs.gov/edu/wwvisit.html

  8. two ways to insure that there is water for tomorrow: • conserve, conserve, conserve! • desalination (removing salt from the ocean water) Desalination Plant in Key West, FL

  9. River Questions(Write answers on your paper-to turn in-it’s ok if you don’t know all the answers- Do Your BEST!) • What river most affects us here in Wilmington? • What are some ways that our town benefits from that river? • What are some of the ways humans can impact the health of the river? • What can you do to improve the quality of water in the river?

  10. River Systems

  11. watershed • land from which water runs off into streams (drainage basin)

  12. Surf your watershed http://www.epa.gov/surf/ Know your watershed http://ctic.purdue.edu/kyw/kyw.html

  13. tributaries • feeder streams that flow into a main river

  14. divide • ridges or elevated regions of high ground that separate watersheds headwaters • beginning of a stream

  15. Stream Erosion

  16. channel • the path that a stream follows

  17. bank bed

  18. headward erosion • process of lengthening and branching of a stream

  19. stream piracy • the capture of a stream in one watershed by a stream with a higher rate of erosion in another watershed

  20. Stage 1 - Beaverdam Creek, Gap Run, and Goose Creek flow eastward through the Blue Ridge and enter the Potomac.

  21. Stage 2 - As the land is eroded downward, the three east flowing creeks do not have the power to erode as far through the Blue Ridge as the Shenandoah, Potomac system. The Shenandoah extends itself southward by headward erosion through the relatively high land west of the Blue Ridge. It eventually captures Beaverdam Creek.

  22. Stage 3 - The capture of Beaverdam Creek added more discharge to the Shenandoah which was able to therefore erode more. Headward erosion leads to the capture of Gap Run. The water gaps where Beaverdam Creek and Gap Run used to flow through the Blue Ridge are left as wind gaps.

  23. Stage 4 - Eventually Goose Creek is captured as well. Snicker's Gap, Ashby Gap, and Manassas Gap are left as wind gaps. As the land on either side of the ridge is eroded down together with the ridge summit, the relative elevation of the wind gaps becomes higher and higher.

  24. channel erosion5 things that affect the rate • stream load: material carried by a stream 1. suspended load: particles of fine grains and silt 2. bed load: made of larger, coarser sand, gravel, and pebbles 3. dissolved load: mineral matter transported in liquid solution

  25. Bed

  26. 4. discharge • volume of water moved by a stream within a given time 5. gradient • steepness of a stream slope

  27. water gap • notch formed where the stream has eroded its channel

  28. River Systems

  29. Youthful river • straight • erodes rapidly • V-shaped • few tributaries • has waterfalls and rapids

  30. Mature river • meandering (winding) • slow erosion • U-shaped • lots of tributaries • holds lots of water

  31. Old river • gradient and velocity decreases • no more erosion • more meandering

  32. rejuvenated river • a river whose gradient increases due to movement in the Earth’s crust (form a step-like terrace) or velocity increases due to more water movement

  33. Stream Deposition as the velocity of a stream decreases, it drops the sediment it was carrying

  34. delta • underwater deposit of sediment at the mouth of a river or stream

  35. alluvial fan • fan-shaped deposit at the base of a slope on land

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