Crime Victims: An Introduction to Victimology Seventh Edition

1. Crime Victims: An Introduction to VictimologySeventh Edition By Andrew Karmen Chapter Thirteen: Victims in the Twenty-First Century: Alternative Directions

2. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System • Victim Rights Flow From . . . • Policies from innovative CJ system officials • Case law • Laws passed by city, county and state government • Sixth Amendment vs. Seventh Amendment approach for victims • National Crime Victim’s Rights Act (CVRA) • Alternative to 6th Amendment revision

3. Victim Rights Categories • Zero-Sum Game Model • Victims’ rights gained at the expense of: • 1. criminals • 2. criminal justice system • 3. either offenders or officials

4. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System • 1. Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders • Theory is that victim rights should be at the expense of offenders rights • Need to shift balance of power away from offenders towards victims • See Table 13.1, page 378

5. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System • 2. Victim Rights Gained at the Expense of the Criminal Justice System Theory based on the fact that the social system is partly at fault for crime in America • State should be obligated to minimize suffering of victims • Victims should be made whole again even if offender not captured • See Table 13.2, page 379

6. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System • 3. Rights Gained at the Expense of Offenders, the System, or Both • Victim Participates in: • Bail Setting Arrangements • Plea Negotiations • Sentencing Hearing Decisions—Allocution • Parole Board Appearances

7. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System • Issues: • Do these formal rights apply to individuals who do not fit profile of innocent victims? • No consequences for non-compliance with aforementioned victim rights • Many countries and colonial America allowed for the victims to hire their own attorney to prosecute • Processes result in “differential handling or differential access to justice” • Provide advocates for victims—ex. Guardian ad Litem

8. Toward Greater Formal Legal Rights Within the CJ System • Findings of policy decision impacts: • No substantial changes in outcomes resulting from implementation of victim rights • “Insiders” resist interference by outsiders (victims) • No constitutional standing for victims, which prevents them from suing for damages for the rights being ignored or violated by CJ system • Changes mere “lip service, paper promises, cosmetic changes without much substance”

9. Towards Retaliatory Justice • Vigilantism versus Legitimate Use of Force • 1. Threat posed by aggressor—imminent • 2. If Offender retreating—no longer a threat, so deadly force not justified • 3. Victim belief of harm reasonable • 4. Degree of force proportionate to threat • 5. Timing of victim’s action appropriate

10. Towards Retaliatory Justice • Do It Yourself Approach • Back Alley Justice • Curbstone Justice • Street Justice • Frontier Justice—Lynching • VIGILANTISM—often arises as a response to victimization

11. Towards Retaliatory Justice • Vigilantism vs. Legitimate Use of Force in Self-Defense • Four rationales shaping self defense statutes: • Punitive rationale • Rationale of necessity • Individualist rationale • Social rationale

12. Towards Retaliatory Justice • Would Victims be better off if armed? • 40 states passed concealed handgun laws—no felons or mentally ill • Potential presence deters criminals • Noticing a weapon causes offender to abort plan • Allow victim to thwart criminal intentions • Could capture and hold offender for police • Increase victim’s odds of survival in a life or death struggle Many believe this is why crime decreased in 90s

13. Towards Retaliatory Justice • Table 13.3, page 390— Justifiable Homicides by Crime Victims and Police, 1988-2007 • Retaliation appeals to many Americans • “Stand your ground” laws in 22 states allow more legal use of deadly force for defense • Criminals can be vigilantes also • Gang Shootings, Mafia Hit Men

14. Towards Retaliatory Justice • Gun Control Advocates Claim: • Provides false sense of security • Homicides in homes—77% by spouse/family • Highest risk of being shot and killed in homes is with homes of one or more handguns • Greatest threat comes from within the home • Risk outweighs the advantages

15. Towards Retaliatory Justice • Transforming victims into offenders and offenders into victims is not the solution to the crime problem. There are too many offenders already. We don’t need victims to become offenders through retaliatory violence! • Author

16. Toward Restorative Justice Peacemaking • Restorative Justice—Draws upon non-punitive methods of peacemaking, mediation, negotiation, dispute resolution, conflict management and constructive engagement. Embraces themes of victim rights movement. • Retributive Justice—State centered, offender focused, punishment oriented rather than injury centered and victim focused.

17. Toward Restorative Justice Peacemaking • Peacemaking Circles—North American tribal culture developed a consensus about how to restore harmony to afflicted individuals—participation by system representatives, neighbors, community groups, religious groups • Family Group Counseling—Maori, New Zealand culture where offenders describes ordeal to relatives, friends, and neighbors and victim explains impact of crime upon him • Group determines the appropriate sanctions in both of these methodologies

18. Toward Restorative Justice Peacemaking • Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) • Mediation—direct negotiations between disputants • Conciliation—go-between facilitates flow of information between disputants • Arbitration—neutral fact finder called in to break deadlocks and imposes a fair, final, and legally binding decision

19. Restorative Justice • History of resolving conflict • Multi-door courthouses • Neighborhood justice centers • Moot Model of Informal Justice • Guilt/innocence; right/wrong; Non-issues • Goal was to reconcile parties • Repair neighborhood rifts • Philadelphia and Columbus first to use ADR (70s) • 1980: Congress passed Dispute Resolution Act—2002 2002: U.N. recommends to member countries

20. Restorative Justice • Approx 300 Victim-Offender Reconciliation programs • How Reconciliation Programs Work • Restitution is symbolic gesture and pre-requisite for reacceptance of community • Provides basis for forgiveness • Only community can provide reintegration • Third party facilitates and oversees process Table 13.4, page 400: Compare and Contrast Retributive and Restorative Justice

21. Restorative Justice • Pros and Cons from Victims Point of View • Way to resolve without making an arrest • Allows victims to ask questions about why, how, etc • Speedier and cheaper form of justice • Healing and redemption undermine justice and responsibility • Does not protect accuser as state courts do • Closed to the public • Blameless victims may feel cheated if compromise involved with offender

22. Restorative Justice • Future: • More cases will be referred to this process • How will the system handle it—streamlining? • Will process be compromised if overworked? • Will this provide a framework for social change that government has not provided? • Cases involving violence do not fit • Can restorative justice programs truly rehabilitate serious offenders?

23. Key Terms

24. Key Terms