Unit 2.5 Dark and middle ages of Europe

1. Unit 2.5Dark and middle ages of Europe Yen Doan & Rosie Wilson

2. Summary The Dark and Middle ages were a very eventful time for Europe. Some highlights were the rise of the Church, the fall of the Byzantine Empire, and the bubonic plague. There were new forms of wars called Crusades, and a social class system called Feudalism. Charlemagne established the Carolingian Empire and Papal Supremacy existed.

3. Some helpful vocab • Hagia Sophia- a church in Constantinople, means Holy Wisdom. Changed from a Church to a mosque • Constantinople-was the capital of the Eastern Roman empire and the capital of Byzantine and Ottoman empires. Now called Istanbul. • Great Schism- Official split between Roman Catholic and Byzantine Churches, occurred in 1054.

4. Vocab, continued • Papal Supremacy- Claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all rulers • Lay Investure- Holy Roman Emperors wanted power to decide who would become bishops and abbots within their kingdoms • Excommunicate- expulsion from Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law • Tithe- tax of of their income paid to the Church 10%

5. More vocab  • Bosporus Strait- Where Constantinople was located • Feudal contact- exchange of pledges between lords and vassals.

6. Important People • Pope Leo III- He crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans, which created a United Christian Community. • Charlemagne- Charles the Great, established Carolingian United Empire through Christianity, Justice, and Education. He became King in 786, he is Charles Martel’s grandson. • Charles Martel- Rallied Frankish warriors, defeated the Muslims at Battle of Tours (732)

7. Important People • Pope Innocent III- Established papal supremacy. • Gregory VII- Claimed the right to overthrow kings and emperors. He banned Lay Investure in 1075. • Otto the Great- Was a great ruler of medieval Germany. He formed a close alliance with the Church to increase power. • Henry IV- excommunicated for asking the Pope to step down from Supremacy.

8. **IMPORTANT** • The Byzantine Empire fell because the Ottoman took over. • The bubonic plague was a disease that killed 1/3 of the population!! Some other names were the Black Death and the Black Plague. Europe's economy was severely damaged by the plague, lords had to give higher pay and better jobs, more than 25 million people died from the plague which was 1 out of every 3 people.

9. **IMPORTANT** • The Code of Chivalry was a code of conduct followed by knights. IT required the Knights to be brave, loyal, and true. • Crusades were religious wars that were attempts to regain their Holy Land. The Holy Land was important because that’s where the Prophet was born. • Feudalism worked by having upper class people hire lower class, and lower class hiring even lower class, who higher the lowest class.

10. Important Events • 700’s- Muslim empires invaded Europe. • 732- Charles Martel defeated the Muslims at the battle of Tours. • 786- Charlemagne became King. • 799- Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the Romans • 814- Charlemagne died, Carolingian Empire declined • Late 800’s- Muslim forces conquered Sicily and made it the center of Islamic civilizations. • 1000- New social class formed called “Middle Class” • 1096-Thousands of knights were fighting in crusades • 1122-Church and King reached a compromise known as the Concordat of Worms. • 1200’s- Church reached the peak of its power.