Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Bacteriophage

1. Gene Transfer in Bacteria and Bacteriophage Using Gene Transfer Between Bacteria As a Means for Studying Bacterial Genes

2. Types of Traits Studied • For bacteria -need for nutrients prototropic: can grow on minimal medium auxotropic: must have specific nutrients added to medium -morphology of colonies -resistance/sensitivity to antibiotics • For bacteriophage -host range (ability to infect specific bacteria) -appearance of plaques(shows growth)

3. Testing for Nutritional Requirements Replica plating transfers the pattern of bacterial colonies to test plates.

4. DNA of Prokaryotic Cells • Bacterial cells have a single, circular chromosome and therefore have one copy of each gene. • Partial diploids (merozygotes) can be formed by the introduction of genetic material from another cell.

5. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses • Conjugation • Transformation • Transduction • Infection with bacteriophage

6. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses 1. Conjugation Transfer of DNA from one bacterial cell to another Donor cell (F+ or Hfr) transfers DNA to recipient cell (F-)

7. Conjugation

8. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation • Determining linkage from interrupted mating experiments • Determining gene order from gradient of transfer • Higher-resolution mapping by recombination frequency

9. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation • Determining linkage from interrupted mating experiments Combine Hfr strain (Strs) and F- strain. Remove samples at specific time intervals. Use blender to disrupt mating. Plate on streptomycin to kill donor cells. Test recipient cells for genes from Hfr strain.

10. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation A. Determining linkage from interrupted mating experiments Problems in Gene Transfer #1 Three Hfr strains for E. coli are mated individually with an auxotrophic F- strain using an interrupted mating procedure. Approximate times of entry of each gene are listed below. Determine the map of the E. coli chromosome and show the orientation of the F plasmid in each Hfr strain.

11. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation A. Determining linkage from interrupted mating experiments Problem #1

12. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation A. Determining linkage from interrupted mating experiments Problem #1

13. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation B. Determining gene order from gradient of transfer Combine Hfr and F- strains. Allow for natural disruption of conjugated pairs. Select for earliest transferred marker. Test for markers transferred later in conjugation.

14. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation B. Determining gene order from gradient of transfer Problems in Gene Transfer #2 An Hfr strain donates the genes xyl+ pro+ lac+ and gal+ to an F- strain. Recombinants are selected forgal+. Tests are done to determine the presence of the other three genes in the gal+ recombinants. What is the gene order?

15. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation 2. Determining gene order from gradient of transfer Problem #2 Select for gal+ Test for lac+, pro+, xyl+

16. b c a b+ c+ a+ b+ b c+ c a+ a Recombination to Integrate Transferred Genes

17. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation C. Higher-resolution mapping by recombination frequency Combine Hfr and F- strains. Allow for natural disruption of conjugated pairs. Select for marker that enters LAST. Test for unselected markers.

18. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation C. Higher-resolution mapping by recombination frequency Problems in Gene Transfer #3 An Hfr strain that is met+ arg+ leu+ strs is conjugated with an F- strain that is met- arg- leu- strr. Interrupted mating studies show that leu+ enters last. Recombinants that are leu+ strr are selected and then tested for the presence of met+ and arg+. The following numbers of bacteria are found for each of the genotypes listed below. Determine the gene order and the distances between the genes in map units.

19. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation C. Higher-resolution mapping by recombination frequency Problem #3 Select for leu+Test for met+, arg+

20. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation C. Higher-resolution mapping by recombination frequency Problem #3 leu+ met+ arg+ Hfr met- arg- leu- F-

21. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation Problem #3 Smallest number of offspring represents 4 crossovers, identifies middle gene. Genotype will be leu+ met- arg+. leu+ met+ arg+ Hfr met- arg- leu- F-

22. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation Problem #3 Recombination between leu and met gives leu+ met- arg- offspring. leu+ met+ arg+ Hfr met- arg- leu- F-

23. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation Problem #3 Recombination between met and arg gives leu+ met+ arg- offspring. leu+ met+ arg+ Hfr met- arg- leu- F-

24. Genetic Analyses Using Conjugation Problem #3

25. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses 2. Transformation DNA taken up from external environment

26. Genetic Analysis Using Transformation Determining genetic distance with transformation mapping Transform bacteria with DNA containing two markers (eg. his-, met-) in addition to penicillin sensitivity. Select transformants on minimal medium + penicillin to kill non-transformants. Plate survivors on complete medium to test for his-, met-.

27. Genetic Analysis Using Transformation Determining genetic distance with transformation mapping Problems in Gene Transfer #4 DNA is isolated from E. coli strain A (his- met- pens) and used to transform strain B (his+ met+ pens). Transformants are selected on minimal medium + penicillin to kill his+ met+ cells and survivors are plated on complete medium. The classes and numbers of cells obtained are listed below. Determine the recombination frequency between the his and met genes.

28. Genetic Analysis Using Transformation Determining genetic distance with transformation mapping Problem #4 Rf = number of single transformants total number of transformants

29. his- met- met+ his+ Genetic Analysis Using Transformation Determining genetic distance with transformation mapping

30. Genetic Analysis Using Transformation Determining genetic distance with transformation mapping Single transformants, his- met+ and his+ met-, represent crossovers between the genes. his- met- his- met- met+ met+ his+ his+

31. Genetic Analysis Using Transformation Determining genetic distance with transformation mapping Problem #4

32. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses 3. Transduction Transfer of bacterial genes with a bacteriophage

33. Transduction

34. Genetic Analysis Using Transduction Determining cotransduction frequency with three-factor transduction. Cotransduction frequency = tendency for genes to be transferred together on same piece of transducing DNA

35. Genetic Analysis Using Transduction Three-factor transduction: Transducingbacteriophage are used to transfer DNA with three markers to bacterial cells. Bacteria are selected for one of the markers and tested for the presence of the other two markers. Gene order and cotransduction frequency can be determined.

36. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses Three-factor transduction Problems in Gene Transfer #6 Transducing phages that infected an A+B+C+ cell are used to infect an A-B-C- cell. Transductants receiving the A+ marker were tested for the presence of B+ andC+. The classes and numbers of transductants observed is shown below. Determine the gene order and the cotransduction frequencies for A+ with B+ and A+ with C+.

37. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses Three-factor transduction Problem #6 Select for A+Test for B+ andC+

38. Genetic Analysis Using Transduction Problem #6 Smallest number of offspring represents 4 crossovers, identifies middle gene. Genotype will be A+ B- C+. A+ B+ C+ B- C- A-

39. Genetic Analysis Using Transduction Problem #6 Cotransduction of A and B Cotransduction of A and C

40. Genetic Analysis Using Transduction Problem #6 Cotransduction of A and B = Cotransduction of A and C = The higher the cotransduction frequency, the closer the genes are to each other.

41. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses 4. Infection with bacteriophage In a mixed infection,recombination can be detected between bacteriophage carrying different genes.

42. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses Infection with bacteriophage Infect bacteria with bacteriophage of two different genotypes. Recombination can occur between bacteriophage genes. Determine genotypes of resulting bacteriophage. Rf = number of recombinant plaques total number of plaques

43. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses Infection with bacteriophage lawn of bacterial cells Plaque for one genotype Plaque for alternate genotype

44. ra- h+ ra+ h- Recombinant Types Parental Types ra- h- ra- h+ ra+ h+ ra+ h- Genetic Analysis for Infection With Bacteriophage X

45. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses Infection with bacteriophage Problems in Gene Transfer #5 Three different bacteriophage T2 strains carrying mutations in the r gene (ra, rb and rc) were each involved in a cross r-xh+ X r+xh-, where x=a, b or c. The numbers of bacteriophage of each type are listed below. Give any one of four possible linkage maps for these genes.

46. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses 4. Infection with bacteriophage Problem #5

47. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses Infection with bacteriophage Rf = number of recombinant plaques total number of plaques

48. Gene Transfer Processes for Bacteria and Their Viruses Infection with bacteriophage One possible map: