Pre A.P. U.S. History Notes

1. Pre A.P. U.S. History Notes Band Trip Notes 4/23 – 4/25

2. The Democratic Revolution and the Age of Jefferson 1800 - 1815

3. The ‘Revolution of 1800’ • Was a Peaceful Change in Government • First Time Government Completely Changed w/o Bloodshed • Walked to Inauguration Instead of by Horse & Carriage • Told of Personality and Dislike of Pomp & Prestige • Believed People Were all United as Americans • Pledged “honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none”

4. Jefferson’s Change in Government • Believed State Governments Were Closer to People and Should Rule • Opposite of Federalists • Advocated Laissez – Faire Policy in Business and Industry • Attempted to Cut Federal Budget and Lower Taxes • Albert Gallatin – Secretary of Treasury • Cut National Debt from $83 Million to $45 Million • Allowed Government to End All Internal Taxes • Only Source of Federal Money Came from Tariffs and Sale of Western Lands

5. Jefferson’s Take on the Military • The Military Was Also on the List to Be Minimized • Why: • Save Money for the National Government • Would Hopefully Eliminate Problem of Entangling Alliances in Europe • D-R’s Believed Large Standing Armies Heeded Dictatorships • Cut Army From 4,000 to 2,500 Troops • Minimized Naval Fleet from 25 to 7 Ships

6. Jefferson Fighting the Federalist Legacy • Alien and Sedition Acts • Jefferson and Democratic Republican’s Do Not Renew Acts Intended to Hold Down Party • Pardoned Those Convicted of Acts and Refunded Fines Paid • The Judicial Act of 1801 • John Adams and Federalists Passed Act and Named Numerous Judges to Newly Created Positions While Leaving Office • Would Save Federalist Legacy • ‘Midnight Judges’

7. Overturning the Appointments • Impeachment of a District Judge • Republican Congress Managed to Impeach a District Judge John Pickering • Was ‘Mentally Unstable’ • Impeachment of a Supreme Court Justice • Attempted to Impeach Samuel Chase • Was a Loud – Mouthed Critic of the Republicans • Basically Impeached b/c of ‘Political Bias’ • Was Impeached in House but Not Removed in Senate Samuel Chase

8. A Landmark Court Case • William Marbury • Named as Justice of the Peace of District of Columbia in ‘Midnight Appointment’ • James Madison • Secretary of State for Jefferson • Told Not to Carry Out Duties and Deliver Commission • Marbury Sues in Supreme Court for Position • Marbury v. Madison (1803) • Decision: • Supreme Court Can’t Decide b/c Judiciary Act of 1801 was Unconstitutional • Saved Face of Supreme Court • Established: • Judicial Review • Supreme Court Can Specifically Declares Laws Passed Unconstitutional • Precedent • Model for Lawyers & Court Officials to Follow in Future John Marshall

9. Jefferson and the Expansion of the Country

10. America in European Affairs • Great Britain and France Were Continuing their Battle for Supremacy in Europe • Napoleon and France ‘Convinced’ the Spanish to Cede New Orleans and the Louisiana Territory to the French • Problems for the Americans: • ‘Right of Deposit was Removed’ • Would Have to Probably ‘Dislodge’ Napoleon from Area if Completely Settled • America Didn’t Have that Powerful of a Military

11. The Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson Sends Envoy to Purchase Louisiana Territory • Could Offer Max. of $10 Million to Purchase as Much Territory as Possible • If French Would Not Sell, Must Immediately Make Treaty w/ British • French Offered to Sell Entire Louisiana Territory for $15 Million • Slaves Revolted in Santo Domingo Against French Rule – Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture • French Returned to Put Down Rebellion But Soldiers Died of Yellow Fever and Needed Army Elsewhere • Without Hispaniola, New Orleans Was of Little Benefit for Napoleon • Would Rather Sell Land to Americans For War Effort and In-Case of Defeat, Wouldn’t Have to Give New Orleans to British Robert Livingston James Monroe

12. Controversy Over the Purchase • Construction of the Constitution • Jefferson and D-R’s Were Strict Constructionists and Nothing in Constitution Stated Federal Government Could Purchase Territory • The D-R’s Were Going to Attempt to Make Amendment to Change Constitution, But May Take Too Much Time and Napoleon May Change His Time • Jefferson Took Treaties to Purchase Land to Congress Shamefully and Admitted They Were Un-Constitutional • Congress Did Not Mind and Appropriated the Money for the Transaction

13. The Louisiana Purchase (1803) • The United States Acquired the Interior of the • Continent From France. • It Was Approximately 828,000 Square Miles • The Cost Per Acre Was About 3 Cents!!!!! • If the $15 Million Was Paid to France in Full • Silver Dollars, It Would Take 25 Ships and If • Stacked, Would Be 3 Miles High!!!

14. Exploring the Louisiana Territory • Jefferson Was Personally Interested in the West and Had Studied the Lands and Native American Groups There • The Louis and Clark Expedition • Jefferson Sent His Personal Secretary and Army Officer, Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to Explore the Louisiana Territory • Directions for the Expedition • Find Source of Missouri River • Find a Usable Route Across the Rocky Mountains to Pacific Ocean • Observe the Customs of the Native Americans in the West • Was the First Scientific Project to Receive Federal Money Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

15. The Lewis and Clark Expedition 1804 - 1806

16. Internal Issues With the Expanding Democratic Republican Party • The Federalist and Burr Plot • Aaron Burr Was the Vice – President During Jefferson’s First Term and Dropped From the Cabinet in the Second • They Attempted to Form a Plot to Get New York and New England to Secede From the Union as a Result of the Republican Power Increase • Alexander Hamilton Exposed and Foiled the Plan Even Though No Friend of Jefferson • Burr Challenged to a Duel and Killed Hamilton, the Final Major Leader of the Federalist Party • Burr Attempted Two More Times to Destroy the U.S. Under Republican Rule • Once in the West and Once In Europe • Each Failed and He Lived in Controversy the Rest of His Life