Doc Holley’s A.P. ART HISTORY: SCULPTURE

1. Doc Holley’sA.P. ART HISTORY: SCULPTURE

3. N: Venus of Willendorf • D: 22,000 B.C.E. and 21,000 B.C.E • P/S: naturalism, prehistoric • A: Unknown • Pa: Unknown • L: Site of Creation is unknown, found in Austria • M/T: limestone, subtractive sculptural form, carved from natural materials • F: may have been a fetish figure, a talisman or charm for fertility of humans, animals, plants • C: shows a keen observation of naturalism in form, but with an imaginative • DT: relatively small, portable size, emphasis on female reproductive parts, and rudimentary arms, with no facial features and cap-like hair • I: Earliest known sculpture

5. N: Feline headed human • D: 30,000-28,000BCE • P/S: naturalism, prehistoric • A: Unknown • Pa: Unknown • L: Site of Creation is unknown; found in Germany • M/T: Mammoth ivory, subtractive sculptural form, carved from natural materials • F: possibly Shaman - spirit guide, composite form may show an imagined type or the use of costume or mask for play or ritual purposes • C: shows imaginative combination of 2 species • DT: relatively small, portable size • I: Earliest known sculpture

7. N: Stonehenge • D: 2,000 BC, the first stone circle; • P/S: Neolithic period • A: unknown • Pa: unknown • L: Wiltshire, England • M/T: dolerite; stones from the PrescellyMountains; hauled + set up; stone lintels along its top surface; attach stone on top • F: unknown; perhaps decoration; much speculation – connected to many legends • C: old burial site; alignment with the stars • DT: Astronomical Alignment; several circles; trilithons (paired uprights with a lintel) • I: connected with the Druids; King Arthur Legend

9. N: Bison Of TucD'Audoubert • D: c. 14,000 year old • P/S: prehistoric • A: unknown • Pa: unknown • L: Le Tuc d'Audoubert cave, Ariege, France • M/T: Modeled in clay from the cave itself; flattened relief used in head; • F: unknown • C: in a chamber reached only after an often uncomfortable and difficult journey • DT: Strict profile- 2 ft long; male bison followed by a female • I: unknown

11. N: Standard of Ur • D: 2600 – 2400 BC • P/S: prehistoric • A: unknown • Pa: unknown • L: From Ur, southern Iraq • M/T: wooden frame for the mosaic of shell, red limestone and lapis lazuli ; bitumen acting as glue • F: not yet understood; theories: carried on a pole as a standard; it formed the soundbox of a musical instrument; • C: found at Royal Cemetery at Ur • DT: representations of a Sumerian army; and other goods brought in procession to a banquet; seated figures • I: main panels are known as ‘War’ and ‘Peace’

13. N: The Ziggurat of Ur • D: 2100 B.C • P/S: prehistoric • A: unknown • Pa: King Shulgi; dedicated to the moon god Nanna (or Sin) • L: From Ur, southern Iraq; Sumerian • M/T: mud-brick, at the core, and baked bricks, at the sides and the ceilings • F: temple; god offering place • C: part of a temple complex; place on earth where the moon god Nanna, the patron deity of Ur, had chosen to dwell • DT: massive stepped pyramid • I: housed the worshipped god Nanna and offerings were made to him here

15. N: Cave Paintings at Lascaux D: about 15,000 BC P/S: prehistoric A: Early ancestors of Lascaux Pa: unknown L: ancient caves in the south of France, near Lascaux M/T: clay, wall(cave), natural ingredients to add color F: To represent and capture the big game(hunting) C: Altamira caves lacked the soot deposits which have been found in other similar caves. It suggests that the people at Altamira had slightly more advanced lighting technology DT: prehistoric, flat I: Used to capture the kill of the animals around the hunter (big game)

17. N: Cave Paintings at Altamira • D: about 16,000-9,000 BC • P/S: prehistoric • A: Magdalenian people • Pa: unknown • L: Northern Spain , caves at Altamira • M/T: clay, wall(cave), natural ingredients to add color • F: depict a event/ embellish • C: The paints used for the drawing of the bison were derived from natural earth pigments like ochre and zinc oxide. The paintings at Altamira has as many as three colors used in the body of a single animal (bison) • DT: prehistoric, flat • I: The paintings at Altamira primarily focus on bison, because bison was the primary hunt/food they got.

19. N: Persepolis (Palace of Darius) • D: early fifth century BC • P/S: Old Persia • A: Various workers the Persian workers • Pa: King Darius I the Great • L: south of the Apadana • M/T: Limestone/Achaemenid art • F:serve as a resting place for King Darius, however, he passed away before it was finished. • C: contained finest examples of Achaemenid art. • DT: embellished with intricate details, proportional • I: believed the reasons behind the construction of Persepolis were the need for a majestic atmosphere, a symbol for their empire, and to celebrate special events

21. N: Stepped Pyramid of Zoser • D: 2675 BCE • P/S: Old Kingdom, Dynasty III/ Egyptian • A: Imhotep • Pa: Pharaoh Zoser • L: Saqqara necropolis, Egypt • M/T: limestone blocks • F: temple for worship & offering place for Pharaoh Zoser • C: The stepped pyramid is midway between the earlier mastaba tombs and the forms at Giza. Its composed of a series of mastabas, each smaller, and stacked on top of each other • DT: rigid, proportional, circular/curved edges • I: The symbolism of the step pyramid form, (did not survive), is unknown, but it has been suggested that it may be a monumental symbol of the crown

23. N: Book of the Dead • D: earliest known versions date from the 16th century BC during the 18th Dynasty (ca. 1580 BC–1350 BC) • P/S: prehistoric • A: unknown Egyptians • Pa: unknown • L: ancient Egypt • M/T: papyrus • F: to assist the deceased in the afterlife & comprised a collection of hymns, spells and instructions to allow the deceased to pass through obstacles in the afterlife • C: ancient Egyptian funerary text • DT: prefabricated in funerary workshops, with spaces being left for the name of the deceased to be written in later, often the work of several different scribes and artists • I: called Spells of Coming Forth By Day

25. N: Pyramids of Giza • D: concluded around 2560 BC • P/S: prehistoric • A: unknown Egyptains • Pa: fourth dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu • L: Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt • M/T: built by moving huge stones from a quarry and dragging and lifting them into place • F: tomb for Pharaoh Khufu and his wife • C: believed the pyramid was built as a tomb and constructed over a 20-year period • DT: oldest and largest of the three pyramids in the Giza Necropolis • I: the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one to remain largely intact, tallest man-made structure in the world for over 3,800 years

27. N: Sphynx • D: built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom in the reign of the pharaoh Khafra (c. 2558–2532 BC) • P/S: prehistoric • A: unknown Egyptians • Pa: pharaoh Khafra • L: Giza Necropolis bordering what is now El Giza, Egypt; located by the Pyramids of Giza • M/T: limestone, subtractive method • F: ornamental use • C: a statue of a reclining or couchant sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body and a human head) • DT: largest monolith statue in the world, oldest known monumental sculpture • I: origins in sculpted figures of lionesses with female human heads

28. Comparison & Contrast: Venus of Willendorf Feline headed human

29. N: Feline headed human • D: 30,000-28,000 BCE • P/S: prehistoric • M/T: mammoth ivory; subtractive • Similarity #1: anatomically/proportionally incorrect • Difference #1: facial expression is animal - not human • Difference #2: emphasis on the feline head • Difference #3: found in graves (context) • Difference #4: stance – stiff, rigid, frontal • N: Venus of Willendorf • D: 22,000-21,000 BCE • P/S: prehistoric • M/T: limestone; subtractive • Similarity #1: anatomically/proportionally incorrect • Difference #1: no facial expression • Difference #2: emphasis on female reproductive parts • Difference #3: found with hunters/men as good luck charm (context) • Difference #4: stance – in the round, softer features